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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.16%3A_Atomic_NumberThis page explores individuality through identifiers such as cell phone numbers and DNA, then shifts to atomic theory, explaining how atomic numbers define elements based on proton counts. It emphasiz...This page explores individuality through identifiers such as cell phone numbers and DNA, then shifts to atomic theory, explaining how atomic numbers define elements based on proton counts. It emphasizes the organization of the periodic table for predicting element properties and notes that atoms are neutral, with equal numbers of protons and electrons, underscoring the foundational aspect of atomic structure.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.01%3A_Avogadro's_NumberThis page explains Avogadro's number, 6.02×1023, which quantifies the number of representative particles in a mole, allowing chemists to measure atoms and molecules. It discusses the mol...This page explains Avogadro's number, 6.02×1023, which quantifies the number of representative particles in a mole, allowing chemists to measure atoms and molecules. It discusses the mole as the SI unit for substance amount, with representative particles being atoms for elements and molecules for compounds. Additionally, it mentions National Mole Day, celebrating this key chemistry concept.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.14%3A_Chemical_ChangeThis page explains how cooking involves chemical changes that transform basic ingredients into new substances, exemplified by bread from flour, sugar, yeast, and water. These changes occur when elemen...This page explains how cooking involves chemical changes that transform basic ingredients into new substances, exemplified by bread from flour, sugar, yeast, and water. These changes occur when elements combine or compounds break down, leading to the creation of materials used in food, fabrics, medicine, and safety devices. Recognizing these transformations underscores chemistry's relevance in everyday life.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/21%3A_Acids_and_Bases/21.07%3A_Lewis_Acids_and_BasesThis page explores the evolution of acid-base theory, detailing the shift from Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions to the broader Lewis theory, which encompasses electron pair acceptance and dona...This page explores the evolution of acid-base theory, detailing the shift from Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions to the broader Lewis theory, which encompasses electron pair acceptance and donation. A Lewis acid accepts electron pairs, while a Lewis base donates them, enabling classifications of acid-base reactions without hydrogen ions, exemplified by ammonia and boron trifluoride. The text concludes with a table summarizing the definitions of the three theories.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.15%3A_Atomic_NucleusThis page likens science to a jigsaw puzzle, illustrating how researchers' discoveries enhance our understanding of complex concepts like the atomic nucleus. It traces the evolution of atomic models f...This page likens science to a jigsaw puzzle, illustrating how researchers' discoveries enhance our understanding of complex concepts like the atomic nucleus. It traces the evolution of atomic models from Thomson's to Rutherford's, highlighting how the introduction of neutrons clarified the coexistence of protons in the nucleus. This led to the recognition of the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons despite the repulsion between protons.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.13%3A_Plum_Pudding_Atomic_ModelThis page discusses the evolution of model construction, transitioning from balsa wood to plastics, and how models, such as J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model, help visualize concepts like atomic str...This page discusses the evolution of model construction, transitioning from balsa wood to plastics, and how models, such as J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model, help visualize concepts like atomic structure. While these models simplify complex ideas for better understanding, they are not functional replicas and may be replaced as scientific knowledge advances, as seen with Rutherford's atomic model. Ultimately, models serve as valuable tools across different scientific disciplines.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry/1.01%3A_Defining_ChemistryThis page highlights the role of chemistry in everyday life through soap-making, showcasing how advancements have led to gentler products. It emphasizes that chemistry involves the study of matter and...This page highlights the role of chemistry in everyday life through soap-making, showcasing how advancements have led to gentler products. It emphasizes that chemistry involves the study of matter and its transformations, impacting various aspects such as food spoilage and environmental pollutants. Chemists explore both macroscopic and microscopic phenomena, deepening our comprehension of processes like rusting and leaf color changes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.09%3A_BoilingThis page discusses the challenges of climbing Mount Everest, focusing on the impact of high altitude on oxygen levels and the boiling point of water. At 29,029 feet, climbers often require oxygen tan...This page discusses the challenges of climbing Mount Everest, focusing on the impact of high altitude on oxygen levels and the boiling point of water. At 29,029 feet, climbers often require oxygen tanks due to lower oxygen levels, and water boils at about 70°C instead of 100°C, complicating cooking. The boiling point decreases with altitude as vapor pressure changes, affecting climbers' daily activities.
