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  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.09%3A_Penetrating_Ability_of_Emissions
    This page explains the use of designated containers, called "pigs," for storing radioisotopes in medical treatments, emphasizing lead’s role in blocking radiation. It details the varying penetration l...This page explains the use of designated containers, called "pigs," for storing radioisotopes in medical treatments, emphasizing lead’s role in blocking radiation. It details the varying penetration levels of alpha, beta, and gamma particles, with alpha being the least penetrative. It highlights that high-density materials like lead provide better protection against gamma radiation than low-density materials and that shielding effectiveness relies on thickness.
  • https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/04%3A_Atomic_Structure/4.18%3A_Isotopes
    This page explains that isotopes are variants of the same element with identical proton counts but differing neutron numbers, leading to varied atomic masses. It describes the term "nuclide" as referr...This page explains that isotopes are variants of the same element with identical proton counts but differing neutron numbers, leading to varied atomic masses. It describes the term "nuclide" as referring to a specific isotope's nucleus. Using carbon as an example, it mentions three natural isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. While isotopes change atomic mass, they do not affect chemical reactivity, which is determined by the number of electrons and protons.

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