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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.21%3A_Valence_Bond_TheoryThis page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses exampl...This page covers valence bond theory, detailing how covalent bonds arise from the overlap of atomic orbitals as atoms approach each other, leading to stable bonds at specific distances. It uses examples like H2 and F2 to illustrate key concepts. Review questions focus on electron positions in orbitals, covalent bond formation, and the necessity of overlapping orbitals being of the same type.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/09%3A_Covalent_Bonding/9.13%3A_VSEPR_TheoryThis page discusses the water molecule's bent shape, which enhances its polarity and boiling point, crucial for supporting life. It highlights the historical challenge in explaining this shape compare...This page discusses the water molecule's bent shape, which enhances its polarity and boiling point, crucial for supporting life. It highlights the historical challenge in explaining this shape compared to carbon dioxide. In 1956, VSEPR theory was introduced by R.J. Gillespie and R.S. Nyholm, providing a method to predict molecular geometry by considering electron pair repulsion, aiding in the understanding of molecular structure based on bonding and lone electron pairs.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/25%3A_Organic_Chemistry/25.05%3A_IsomersThis page discusses the intricacies of organic chemistry, emphasizing the role of molecular shape in reactions, especially for alkenes like 2-butene. It covers isomers, including structural and geomet...This page discusses the intricacies of organic chemistry, emphasizing the role of molecular shape in reactions, especially for alkenes like 2-butene. It covers isomers, including structural and geometric types, and their distinct physical and chemical properties. Examples like cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene illustrate these differences, along with their industrial applications.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_MoleculesThis page discusses molecular orbital theory's application to polyatomic molecules, highlighting hybrid orbitals in molecular shapes and bonding differences, such as water and BeH₂. It covers Walsh di...This page discusses molecular orbital theory's application to polyatomic molecules, highlighting hybrid orbitals in molecular shapes and bonding differences, such as water and BeH₂. It covers Walsh diagrams for energy changes and photoelectron spectroscopy for orbital energies. The pi-electron approximation aids in understanding conjugated systems like butadiene and benzene, focusing on delocalization energy and aromaticity. Additionally, it includes exercises to reinforce these concepts.
