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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry/1.09%3A_MaterialsThis page discusses the impact of chemistry on clothing materials, highlighting the contributions of chemist Stephanie Kwolek in developing Kevlar for body armor. It contrasts natural fibers like cott...This page discusses the impact of chemistry on clothing materials, highlighting the contributions of chemist Stephanie Kwolek in developing Kevlar for body armor. It contrasts natural fibers like cotton and silk with synthetic polymers such as nylon, emphasizing their benefits like reduced weight and durability. Additionally, it notes the role of chemists in advancing electronics and superconductors, which influence modern materials and technology.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Howard_University/General_Chemistry%3A_An_Atoms_First_Approach/Unit_1%3A__Atomic_Structure/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction/Chapter_1.4%3A_A_Brief_History_of_ChemistryThis page outlines a general chemistry course focusing on atomic theory, molecular structure, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, states of matter, kinetics, equilibria, and materials. It highlights the d...This page outlines a general chemistry course focusing on atomic theory, molecular structure, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, states of matter, kinetics, equilibria, and materials. It highlights the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek thought to modern science, discussing key figures like Democritus, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, and Antoine Lavoisier. It explains fundamental chemical laws, Dalton's atomic theory, Avogadro's hypothesis, and the law of multiple proportions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/02%3A_Matter_and_Change/2.02%3A_Pure_SubstancesThis page defines substances in chemistry as pure materials with uniform compositions that can't be separated. It provides examples like silver and acetylsalicylic acid, noting that aspirin is a mixtu...This page defines substances in chemistry as pure materials with uniform compositions that can't be separated. It provides examples like silver and acetylsalicylic acid, noting that aspirin is a mixture. Substances may exist in solid, liquid, or gas forms based on temperature, and the text emphasizes the necessity of using pure substances in chemical reactions for reliable outcomes.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/03%3A_Measurements/3.11%3A_DensityThis page explains density as the ratio of mass to volume and its role in buoyancy, noting that it remains constant across sample sizes but can vary with temperature. It presents examples of densities...This page explains density as the ratio of mass to volume and its role in buoyancy, noting that it remains constant across sample sizes but can vary with temperature. It presents examples of densities of common substances, highlighting that gases are less dense than solids and liquids. The text includes calculations and problem-solving methods related to density, underscoring its practical applications in measuring mass and volume.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/24%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/24.09%3A_Penetrating_Ability_of_EmissionsThis page explains the use of designated containers, called "pigs," for storing radioisotopes in medical treatments, emphasizing lead’s role in blocking radiation. It details the varying penetration l...This page explains the use of designated containers, called "pigs," for storing radioisotopes in medical treatments, emphasizing lead’s role in blocking radiation. It details the varying penetration levels of alpha, beta, and gamma particles, with alpha being the least penetrative. It highlights that high-density materials like lead provide better protection against gamma radiation than low-density materials and that shielding effectiveness relies on thickness.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/13%3A_States_of_Matter/13.14%3A_Unit_CellsThis page discusses how x-ray diffraction measures atomic sizes, illustrated through the concept of unit cells in crystal lattices. It details the cubic crystal system's three unit cell types—simple, ...This page discusses how x-ray diffraction measures atomic sizes, illustrated through the concept of unit cells in crystal lattices. It details the cubic crystal system's three unit cell types—simple, face-centered, and body-centered—as well as other crystal forms, such as rhombohedral, hexagonal, and tetragonal, each with its unique unit cell structure.
