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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_18%3A_The_Noble_Gases/2Group_18%3A_Reactions_of_Nobel_GasesThe noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertne...The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted. The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/07%3A_Approximation_Methods/7.03%3A_Trial_Functions_Can_Be_Linear_Combinations_of_Functions_That_Also_Contain_Variational_ParametersThis page explores variational methods in quantum mechanics, particularly the construction of wavefunctions using linear combinations of basis functions. It differentiates between normal and nonlinear...This page explores variational methods in quantum mechanics, particularly the construction of wavefunctions using linear combinations of basis functions. It differentiates between normal and nonlinear variational methods, emphasizing the computational advantages of the former. The significance of adjustable zeta parameters in modeling electron interactions, especially in multi-electron atoms, is highlighted.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/06%3A_The_Periodic_Table/6.11%3A_Noble_GasesThis page discusses noble gases, such as helium, xenon, and radon, which are used in neon lights for colorful displays. These gases are chemically inert and exist as monatomic gases at room temperatur...This page discusses noble gases, such as helium, xenon, and radon, which are used in neon lights for colorful displays. These gases are chemically inert and exist as monatomic gases at room temperature. Although traditionally thought to be unreactive, noble gases can form compounds, with xenon being the first in 1962. When an electric current passes through them, they emit unique colors, enhancing their use in illumination, though radon is excluded due to its radioactivity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/14%3A_The_Behavior_of_Gases/14.09%3A_Calculating_the_Molar_Mass_of_a_GasThis page discusses the use of helium in balloons and explains how to calculate the molar mass and density of gases through the ideal gas law. An example is provided for calculating the molar mass of ...This page discusses the use of helium in balloons and explains how to calculate the molar mass and density of gases through the ideal gas law. An example is provided for calculating the molar mass of nitrogen oxide, identified as N2O, and the density of ammonia gas is also analyzed, highlighting its variation with temperature and pressure changes, which affect molecular spacing.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.14%3A_The_Noble_Gases/8.14.02%3A_Properties_of_Nobel_GasesThe noble gases have weak interatomic force, and consequently have very low melting and boiling points. They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions, including the elements with larger atomi...The noble gases have weak interatomic force, and consequently have very low melting and boiling points. They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions, including the elements with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Physical_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Multielectron_Atoms/8.02%3A_Perturbation_Theory_and_the_Variational_Method_for_HeliumThis page explores methods for solving the helium atom's electron structure using perturbation theory and variational methods. It highlights the refinement of energy estimates by incorporating electro...This page explores methods for solving the helium atom's electron structure using perturbation theory and variational methods. It highlights the refinement of energy estimates by incorporating electron-electron interactions, notably showing that using complex trial wavefunctions leads to results within 0.08% of experimental values. The Chandrasakar wavefunction notably reduces electron-electron repulsion and achieves an accuracy of 0.07%.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.06%3A_Avogadro's_Hypothesis_and_Molar_VolumeThis page discusses the importance of gauges for scuba divers to monitor gas supply for safety. It explains Avogadro's Hypothesis, which asserts that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and p...This page discusses the importance of gauges for scuba divers to monitor gas supply for safety. It explains Avogadro's Hypothesis, which asserts that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles, regardless of mass. The effects of pressure and temperature on gas volume are highlighted, with standard temperature and pressure (STP) defined at 0°C and 1 atm, where one mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.14%3A_The_Noble_Gases/8.14.04%3A_Reactions_of_Nobel_GasesThe noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertne...The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted. The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08%3A_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.14%3A_The_Noble_Gases/8.14.05%3A_Chemistry_of_Helium_(Z2)Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, next to hydrogen. Helium is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It has a very low boiling point, and is monatomic. Helium is small and extr...Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, next to hydrogen. Helium is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. It has a very low boiling point, and is monatomic. Helium is small and extremely light, and is the least reactive of all elements; it does not react with any other elements or ions, so there are no helium-bearing minerals in nature. Helium was first observed by studying the sun, and was named after the Greek word for the sun, Helios.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/05%3A_Electrons_in_Atoms/5.16%3A_Pauli_Exclusion_PrincipleThis page explores the concept of unique identification by comparing email addresses to how electrons are distinguished by quantum numbers. It elaborates on the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...This page explores the concept of unique identification by comparing email addresses to how electrons are distinguished by quantum numbers. It elaborates on the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. As a result, when three quantum numbers match, the fourth—spin—must differ, allowing each orbital to hold two electrons with opposing spins, illustrated through the example of helium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)/08%3A_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding/8.02%3A_Octet_RuleThis page explains the organization of electrons in atoms, comparing it to seating arrangements at graduation. It discusses the octet rule by Gilbert Lewis, which states that atoms aim for eight valen...This page explains the organization of electrons in atoms, comparing it to seating arrangements at graduation. It discusses the octet rule by Gilbert Lewis, which states that atoms aim for eight valence electrons for stability, reminiscent of noble gases, which are generally unreactive. While noble gases have full outer shells, exceptions exist for hydrogen and lithium. Atoms achieve stability by sharing or transferring electrons, with metals losing electrons and nonmetals gaining them.
