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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/03%3A_General_Techniques_for_Lab/3.03%3A_Heating_and_Cooling_MethodsAs reaction rate increases with temperature, it is very common to heat solutions in the organic laboratory. There are many heat sources available to the organic chemist, although some methods are bett...As reaction rate increases with temperature, it is very common to heat solutions in the organic laboratory. There are many heat sources available to the organic chemist, although some methods are better than others depending on the situation. Described in this section are some concepts that are common to all heating methods (e.g. how to boil controllably), followed by specifics on each heat source. Also included are methods used to cool solutions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/can/CHEM_210%3A_General_Chemistry_I_(An_Atoms_Up_Approach)/01%3A_Chemistry_is_the_Science_of_EverythingChemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the ways by which various forms of matter may be interconverted. Thus, it occupies a central place in the study and pract...Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the ways by which various forms of matter may be interconverted. Thus, it occupies a central place in the study and practice of science and technology. Chemists use the scientific method to perform experiments, pose hypotheses, and formulate laws and develop theories, so that they can better understand the behavior of the natural world. To do so, they operate in the macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic domains.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/09%3A_Chromatography/9.02%3A_Chromatography_Generalities/9.2A%3A_Overview_of_ChromatographyThe first uses of chromatography involved separating the colored components of plants in the early 1900's. The pigments in a plant can be separated into yellow, orange, and green colors (xanthophylls,...The first uses of chromatography involved separating the colored components of plants in the early 1900's. The pigments in a plant can be separated into yellow, orange, and green colors (xanthophylls, carotenes and chlorophylls respectively) through this method. The Greek name for color is chroma, and graphein is 'to write,' so chromatography can be thought of as "color writing."
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/08%3A_Extraction/8.04%3A_Which_Layer_is_WhichIt is essential that you know whether the aqueous layer is above or below the organic layer in the separatory funnel, as it dictates which layer is kept and which is eventually discarded. Two immisci...It is essential that you know whether the aqueous layer is above or below the organic layer in the separatory funnel, as it dictates which layer is kept and which is eventually discarded. Two immiscible solvents will stack atop one another based on differences in density. The solution with the lower density will rest on top, and the denser solution will rest on the bottom.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/09%3A_Chromatography/9.02%3A_Chromatography_GeneralitiesChromatography in the organic chemistry laboratory can be classified into several broad categories: Thin-lay chromatography, Column chromatography and gas chromatography. These techniques follow the s...Chromatography in the organic chemistry laboratory can be classified into several broad categories: Thin-lay chromatography, Column chromatography and gas chromatography. These techniques follow the same general principles in terms of how they are able to separate mixtures, and so will be discussed collectively in this section. Details specific to each technique will then be further discussed in their own sections.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/04%3A_Glassware_and_Equipment/4.02%3A_Pictures_of_Glassware_and_EquipmentGlassware used in all chemistry courses: Glassware commonly used in organic chemistry for conducting reactions and purifications: Three-way adapter (distilling head) Tools used in all chemistry course...Glassware used in all chemistry courses: Glassware commonly used in organic chemistry for conducting reactions and purifications: Three-way adapter (distilling head) Tools used in all chemistry courses: Various equipment in the organic chemistry lab: Rubber sleeves for funnels (filter adapters) Stir bars and spin vane Extension clamps (with and without vinyl sleeves) Three-fingered clamps (vinyl and fire-resistant sleeves) Burners and tubing: Glassware used in microscale work: Item Name:
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/zz%3A_Back_Matter/21%3A_Detailed_Licensing
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/11%3A_Distillation/11.03%3A_Steam_DistillationSteam distillation is analogous to simple distillation, the main difference being that steam (or water) is used in the distilling flask along with the material to be distilled. Experimentally the setu...Steam distillation is analogous to simple distillation, the main difference being that steam (or water) is used in the distilling flask along with the material to be distilled. Experimentally the setups are arranged more or less the same, with small differences being how the steam is added to the flask: either indirectly if a steam line is available in the building, or directly by boiling water in the flask.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/11%3A_Distillation/11.02%3A_Simple_Distillation/11.2A%3A_Uses_of_Simple_DistillationDistillation is the method used to concentrate fermented solutions and produce hard liquors. Distillation is also an excellent purification tool for many liquids, and can be used to purify products fr...Distillation is the method used to concentrate fermented solutions and produce hard liquors. Distillation is also an excellent purification tool for many liquids, and can be used to purify products from a chemical reaction.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Sewanee%3A_The_University_of_the_South/Organic_Chemistry_Lab_Textbook/09%3A_Chromatography/9.03%3A_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_(TLC)/9.3B%3A_Uses_of_TLCTLC is a common technique in the organic chemistry laboratory because it can give quick and useful information about the purity of a sample and whether or not a reaction in progress is complete. When ...TLC is a common technique in the organic chemistry laboratory because it can give quick and useful information about the purity of a sample and whether or not a reaction in progress is complete. When low polarity solvents are used, a TLC plate can be complete in less than 5 minutes.
