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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Middle_Georgia_State_University/MGA_CHEM_1152K_Survey_of_Chemistry_II/Chapters/04%3A_Introduction_to_Biochemical_Molecules/4.14%3A_4.33_SteroidsTwo kinds of sex hormones are of particular importance in females: progesterone, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy and prevents the further release of eggs from the ovaries during pregnancy, and...Two kinds of sex hormones are of particular importance in females: progesterone, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy and prevents the further release of eggs from the ovaries during pregnancy, and the estrogens, which are mainly responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and increased deposition of fat tissue in the breasts, the buttocks, and the thighs.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Middle_Georgia_State_University/MGA_CHEM_1152K_Survey_of_Chemistry_II/Chapters/04%3A_Introduction_to_Biochemical_Molecules/4.13%3A_4.32_Membranes_and_Membrane_LipidsMicelles are aggregations in which the lipids’ hydrocarbon tails—being hydrophobic—are directed toward the center of the assemblage and away from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic heads are ...Micelles are aggregations in which the lipids’ hydrocarbon tails—being hydrophobic—are directed toward the center of the assemblage and away from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic heads are directed outward, in contact with the water. The two major classes of proteins in the cell membrane are integral proteins, which span the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer, and peripheral proteins, which are more loosely associated with the surface of the lipid bilayer (Figure \PageIndex3).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_IIA/06%3A_Electrochemistry/6.05%3A_Gibbs_Energy_and_Redox_ReactionsA coulomb (C) relates electrical potential, expressed in volts, and energy, expressed in joules. The faraday (F) is Avogadro’s number multiplied by the charge on an electron and corresponds to the cha...A coulomb (C) relates electrical potential, expressed in volts, and energy, expressed in joules. The faraday (F) is Avogadro’s number multiplied by the charge on an electron and corresponds to the charge on 1 mol of electrons. Spontaneous redox reactions have a negative ΔG and therefore a positive Ecell. Because the equilibrium constant K is related to ΔG, E°cell and K are also related. Large equilibrium constants correspond to large positive values of E°.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_IIA/03%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/3.05%3A_Temperature_and_RateA minimum energy (activation energy,Ea) is required for a collision between molecules to result in a chemical reaction. Plots of potential energy for a system versus the reaction coordinate show an en...A minimum energy (activation energy,Ea) is required for a collision between molecules to result in a chemical reaction. Plots of potential energy for a system versus the reaction coordinate show an energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to occur. The arrangement of atoms at the highest point of this barrier is the activated complex, or transition state, of the reaction. At a given temperature, the higher the Ea, the slower the reaction.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/10%3A_Appendices/10.04%3A_Composition_of_Commercial_Acids_and_BasesComposition of Commercial Acids and Bases 1 Acids and bases are commercially available as aqueous solutions. This table lists properties (densities and concentrations) of common acid and base solution...Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases 1 Acids and bases are commercially available as aqueous solutions. This table lists properties (densities and concentrations) of common acid and base solutions. Nominal values are provided in cases where the manufacturer cites a range of concentrations and densities. In the case of this table, specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of pure water at the same conditions.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_IonsThis chapter will describe some of the fundamental chemical principles related to the composition of matter, including those central to the concept of molecular identity.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Williams_School/Chemistry_I/09%3A_Acid-Base_Chemistry/9.04%3A_Hydrolysis_of_Salt_SolutionsThe characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry acids are due to the presence of hydronium ions; those of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry bases are due to the presence of hydr...The characteristic properties of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry acids are due to the presence of hydronium ions; those of aqueous solutions of Brønsted-Lowry bases are due to the presence of hydroxide ions. The neutralization that occurs when aqueous solutions of acids and bases are combined results from the reaction of the hydronium and hydroxide ions to form water. Some salts formed in neutralization reactions may make the product solutions slightly acidic or slightly basic.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Middle_Georgia_State_University/MGA_CHEM_1152K_Survey_of_Chemistry_II/Chapters/03%3A_More_Reactions_and_Properties/3.03%3A_3.13_The_'basic'_idea_of_acid_base_reactionsLater, in chapter 14, we will study reactions in which a pair of electrons in a pi bond of an alkene or aromatic ring act in a basic fashion - but for now, will concentrate on the basicity of non-bond...Later, in chapter 14, we will study reactions in which a pair of electrons in a pi bond of an alkene or aromatic ring act in a basic fashion - but for now, will concentrate on the basicity of non-bonding (lone pair) electrons. While it is important to be familiar with the Lewis definition of acidity, the focus throughout the remainder of this chapter will be on acid-base reactions of the (proton-transferring) Brønsted-Lowry type.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Middle_Georgia_State_University/MGA_CHEM_1152K_Survey_of_Chemistry_II/Chapters/05%3A_Selected_Biochemical_TopicsMiddle Georgia State University CHEM 1152K SURVEY OF CHEMISTRY II Spring 2016: Prof. Jonathan G. Cannon Reading Assignments Homework Problems Homework Solutions Chapters Video Tutorials
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Middle_Georgia_State_University/MGA_CHEM_1152K_Survey_of_Chemistry_II/Chapters/02%3A_Organic_Properties_and_Reactions/2.16%3A_2.44_Replacing_the_OH_Group_by_Halogen_AtomsSulfur dichloride oxide (thionyl chloride) has the formula SOCl 2 . Traditionally, the formula is written as shown, despite the fact that the modern name writes the chlorine before the oxygen (alphabe...Sulfur dichloride oxide (thionyl chloride) has the formula SOCl 2 . Traditionally, the formula is written as shown, despite the fact that the modern name writes the chlorine before the oxygen (alphabetical order). The advantage that this reaction has over the use of either of the phosphorus chlorides is that the two other products of the reaction (sulfur dioxide and HCl) are both gases.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/East_Tennessee_State_University/CHEM_3110%3A_Descriptive_Inorganic_Chemistry/02%3A_Atomic_Theory/2.02%3A_ShieldingThe presence of other electrons in an atom will shield an electron from feeling the full positive charge of the nucleus. The amount of screening is determined by the number other electrons and their l...The presence of other electrons in an atom will shield an electron from feeling the full positive charge of the nucleus. The amount of screening is determined by the number other electrons and their location.
