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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/1.05%3A_Quantum_Mechanics_and_Atomic_OrbitalsThere is a relationship between the motions of electrons in atoms and molecules and their energies that is described by quantum mechanics. Because of wave–particle duality, scientists must deal with t...There is a relationship between the motions of electrons in atoms and molecules and their energies that is described by quantum mechanics. Because of wave–particle duality, scientists must deal with the probability of an electron being at a particular point in space. To do so required the development of quantum mechanics, which uses wavefunctions to describe the mathematical relationship between the motion of electrons in atoms and molecules and their energies.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/1.03%3A_Line_Spectra_and_the_Bohr_ModelThere is an intimate connection between the atomic structure of an atom and its spectral characteristics. Most light is polychromatic and contains light of many wavelengths. Light that has only a sing...There is an intimate connection between the atomic structure of an atom and its spectral characteristics. Most light is polychromatic and contains light of many wavelengths. Light that has only a single wavelength is monochromatic and is produced by devices called lasers, which use transitions between two atomic energy levels to produce light in a very narrow range of wavelengths. Atoms can also absorb light of certain energies, resulting in a transition from the ground state or a lower-energy e
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/05%3A_Gases/5.08%3A_Molecular_Effusion_and_DiffusionDiffusion is the gradual mixing of gases to form a sample of uniform composition even in the absence of mechanical agitation. In contrast, effusion is the escape of a gas from a container through a ti...Diffusion is the gradual mixing of gases to form a sample of uniform composition even in the absence of mechanical agitation. In contrast, effusion is the escape of a gas from a container through a tiny opening into an evacuated space. The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass (Graham’s law), a relationship that closely approximates the rate of diffusion. As a result, light gases tend to diffuse and effuse much more rapidly than heavier gases.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/1.06%3A_3D_Representation_of_OrbitalsOrbitals with l = 0 are s orbitals and are spherically symmetrical, with the greatest probability of finding the electron occurring at the nucleus. Orbitals with values of n > 1 and l = 0 contain one ...Orbitals with l = 0 are s orbitals and are spherically symmetrical, with the greatest probability of finding the electron occurring at the nucleus. Orbitals with values of n > 1 and l = 0 contain one or more nodes. Orbitals with l = 1 are p orbitals and contain a nodal plane that includes the nucleus, giving rise to a dumbbell shape. Orbitals with l = 2 are d orbitals and have more complex shapes with at least two nodal surfaces. l = 3 orbitals are f orbitals, which are still more complex.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemical_Principles_for_Medical_Students/01%3A_Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms/1.01%3A_The_Wave_Nature_of_LightUnderstanding the electronic structure of atoms requires an understanding of the properties of waves and electromagnetic radiation. A basic knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms requires an u...Understanding the electronic structure of atoms requires an understanding of the properties of waves and electromagnetic radiation. A basic knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms requires an understanding of the properties of waves and electromagnetic radiation. A wave is a periodic oscillation by which energy is transmitted through space. All waves are periodic, repeating regularly in both space and time. Waves are characterized by several interrelated properties.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/01%3A_Physical_Equilibrium/1.00%3A_Phase_Diagrams_of_Pure_SubstancesThe states of matter exhibited by a substance under different temperatures and pressures can be summarized graphically in a phase diagram, which is a plot of pressure versus temperature. Phase diagram...The states of matter exhibited by a substance under different temperatures and pressures can be summarized graphically in a phase diagram, which is a plot of pressure versus temperature. Phase diagrams contain discrete regions corresponding to the solid, liquid, and gas phases. The solid and liquid regions are separated by the melting curve of the substance, and the liquid and gas regions are separated by its vapor pressure curve, which ends at the critical point.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/01%3A_Physical_Equilibrium/1.03%3A_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions/1.3D%3A_Solutions_of_Solid_Solutes_in_Liquid_SolventsA key to understanding the solubility of ionic solids in water are the concepts of lattice energy and hydration energy. This Module explains these terms, and sketch out a diagram that shows how these ...A key to understanding the solubility of ionic solids in water are the concepts of lattice energy and hydration energy. This Module explains these terms, and sketch out a diagram that shows how these are related to the "heat of solution".
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/01%3A_Physical_Equilibrium/1.04%3A_Colligative_Properties/1.4.01%3A_Colligative_Properties-_Boiling_Point_Elevation_and_Freezing_Point_DepressionThe temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is 1 atm will be higher than the normal boiling point by an amount known as the boiling point elevation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/04%3A_Chemical_Kinetics_Brown)/4.05%3A_Reaction_MechanismsA balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which re...A balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. Species that are formed in one step and consumed in another are intermediates. Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/06%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_Brown/6.S%3A_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(Summary)CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 1) Find the longest continuous...CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 1) Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms, and use the name of this chain as the base name of the compound. 2) Number the carbon atoms in the longest chain, beginning with the end of the chain that is nearest to a substituent
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/National_Yang_Ming_Chiao_Tung_University/Chemistry_2/02%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium_(OpenSTAX)/2.01%3A_Chemical_EquilibriaA reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of reactants or products no longer change. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process, meaning the rate of formation of products by the forward reaction is...A reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of reactants or products no longer change. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic process, meaning the rate of formation of products by the forward reaction is equal to the rate at which the products re-form reactants by the reverse reaction.
