Search
- Filter Results
- Location
- Classification
- Include attachments
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/17%3A_Transition_Metals_and_Coordination_Chemistry/17.07%3A_ExercisesThese are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/09%3A_Introduction_to_Chemical_Reactions_-_Stoichiometry_and_Yield/9.01%3A_Formula_MassThe formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound ...The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass. A convenient amount unit for expressing very large numbers of atoms or molecules is the mole. Experimental measurements have determined the number of entities composing 1 mole of substance to be \(6.022 \times 10^{23}\), a quantity called Avogadro’s number.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.10%3A_SummaryThis “missing” mass is the mass defect, which has been converted into the binding energy that holds the nucleus together according to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation, E = mc 2 . Of the man...This “missing” mass is the mass defect, which has been converted into the binding energy that holds the nucleus together according to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation, E = mc 2 . Of the many nuclides that exist, only a small number are stable. Types of radiation differ in their ability to penetrate material and damage tissue, with alpha particles the least penetrating but potentially most damaging and gamma rays the most penetrating.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_-__Fundamental_Concepts_and_Skills/1.03%3A_Physical_and_Chemical_PropertiesAll substances have distinct physical and chemical properties, and may undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical properties, such as hardness and boiling point, and physical changes, such as melt...All substances have distinct physical and chemical properties, and may undergo physical or chemical changes. Physical properties, such as hardness and boiling point, and physical changes, such as melting or freezing, do not involve a change in the composition of matter. Chemical properties, such flammability and acidity, and chemical changes, such as rusting, involve production of matter that differs from that present beforehand.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/08%3A_Gases/8.09%3A_Key_Equationsp = hρg PV = nRT P Total = P A + P B + P C + … = Ʃ i P i P A = X A P Total
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/08%3A_Gases/8.06%3A_The_Kinetic-Molecular_TheoryThe kinetic molecular theory is a simple but very effective model that effectively explains ideal gas behavior. The theory assumes that gases consist of widely separated molecules of negligible volume...The kinetic molecular theory is a simple but very effective model that effectively explains ideal gas behavior. The theory assumes that gases consist of widely separated molecules of negligible volume that are in constant motion, colliding elastically with one another and the walls of their container with average velocities determined by their absolute temperatures. The individual molecules of a gas exhibit a range of velocities.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions/2.09%3A_ExercisesThese are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In a...These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "Chemistry" by OpenStax. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In addition to these publicly available questions, access to private problems bank for use in exams and homework is available to faculty only on an individual basis; please contact Delmar Larsen for an account with access permission.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/02%3A_Atoms_Molecules_and_Ions/2.05%3A_Chemical_FormulasA molecular formula uses chemical symbols and subscripts to indicate the exact numbers of different atoms in a molecule or compound. An empirical formula gives the simplest, whole-number ratio of atom...A molecular formula uses chemical symbols and subscripts to indicate the exact numbers of different atoms in a molecule or compound. An empirical formula gives the simplest, whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. A structural formula indicates the bonding arrangement of the atoms in the molecule. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the geometric arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/14%3A_Fundamental_Equilibrium_ConceptsIn this chapter, you will learn how to predict the position of the balance and the yield of a product of a reaction under specific conditions, how to change a reaction's conditions to increase or redu...In this chapter, you will learn how to predict the position of the balance and the yield of a product of a reaction under specific conditions, how to change a reaction's conditions to increase or reduce yield, and how to evaluate an equilibrium system's reaction to disturbances.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/15%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria_-_A_More_Detailed_Look/15.19%3A_SummaryThus, an acid-base reaction occurs when a proton is transferred from an acid to a base, with formation of the conjugate base of the reactant acid and formation of the conjugate acid of the reactant ba...Thus, an acid-base reaction occurs when a proton is transferred from an acid to a base, with formation of the conjugate base of the reactant acid and formation of the conjugate acid of the reactant base. The relative strengths of acids and bases are reflected in the magnitudes of their ionization constants; the stronger the acid or base, the larger its ionization constant.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Toronto/UTSC%3A_First-Year_Chemistry_Textbook_(Winter_2025)/08%3A_Gases/8.07%3A_Non-Ideal_Gas_BehaviorGas molecules possess a finite volume and experience forces of attraction for one another. Consequently, gas behavior is not necessarily described well by the ideal gas law. Under conditions of low pr...Gas molecules possess a finite volume and experience forces of attraction for one another. Consequently, gas behavior is not necessarily described well by the ideal gas law. Under conditions of low pressure and high temperature, these factors are negligible, the ideal gas equation is an accurate description of gas behavior, and the gas is said to exhibit ideal behavior. The van der Waals equation is a modified version of the ideal gas law that can be used to account for the non-ideal behavior.
