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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/04%3A_Protein_Structure/4.3%3A_Understanding_Protein_Conformationdescribe the differences between primary, secondary, supersecondary, tertiary, quaternary and domain protein structure describe the similarities between torsion angles and an energy vs torsion angle p...describe the differences between primary, secondary, supersecondary, tertiary, quaternary and domain protein structure describe the similarities between torsion angles and an energy vs torsion angle plot for the rotation of the C2-C3 torison angle with phi/psi angles of peptide bonds and the 2D plots off allowed conformations around a given amino acid in a protein (Ramachandran plot). The proteins α and β subunits are in red and blue, and the iron-containing heme groups in green.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/04%3A_Protein_Structure/4.1%3A_Amino_Acids/A6._Reactions_of_CysteineCysteine is a potent nucleophile, which is often linked to another Cys to form a covalent disulfide bond. reacts with iodoacetic acid in an SN2 rx., adding a carboxymethyl group to the S. reacts with ...Cysteine is a potent nucleophile, which is often linked to another Cys to form a covalent disulfide bond. reacts with iodoacetic acid in an SN2 rx., adding a carboxymethyl group to the S. reacts with R'-S-S-R'', a disulfide, in a disulfide interchange reaction, to form R-S-S-R' reacts with 5,5-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB or Ellman's reagent) in a RSH displacement reaction in which DTNB is cleaved and the 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid anion, which absorbs at 412 nm, is released.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/07%3A_Binding/7.5%3A_New_Methods_in_Drug_Development/E4._In_Situ_Click_Chemistry_in_Drug_SynthesisDrugs that inhibit enzymes typically bind to the active site of the enzyme where catalysis occurs. Binding of an inhibitor precludes binding of the normal reactants (substrates) for the enzyme, inhib...Drugs that inhibit enzymes typically bind to the active site of the enzyme where catalysis occurs. Binding of an inhibitor precludes binding of the normal reactants (substrates) for the enzyme, inhibiting its activity. In a new strategy, two small reactive molecules selected to bind independently in the active site can covalently react with each other to form a new drug with very high specificity and very high binding affinity (low Kd).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/05%3A_Carbohydrates/5.3%3A_Jeopardy/POLYSACCHARIDES/COMPLEX_CARBOHYDRATES/POLYSACC./400This link glycosidic link is found in glycogen and starch
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/04%3A_Protein_Structure/4.1%3A_Amino_Acids/A2._Amino_Acid_StereochemistryAs the diagram below shows, the absolute configuration of the amino acids can be shown with the H pointed to the rear, the COOH groups pointing out to the left, the R group to the right, and the NH3 g...As the diagram below shows, the absolute configuration of the amino acids can be shown with the H pointed to the rear, the COOH groups pointing out to the left, the R group to the right, and the NH3 group upwards. For example, as we have seen, all of the common amino acids are L, because they all have exactly the same structure, including the position of the R group if we just write the R group as R.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/01%3A_Preface/1.3%3A_C._Introduction_to_Biochemistry/THE_HOWS%3FHow do these specific 3D structures impart a specific function to proteins, the effectors of the genetic blueprint? How can protein enzymes catalyze the rates of chemical reaction up to 109X faster th...How do these specific 3D structures impart a specific function to proteins, the effectors of the genetic blueprint? How can protein enzymes catalyze the rates of chemical reaction up to 109X faster than the non-catalyzed rate? How can enzymatic reactions be regulated to meet the demands of the cell for energy and biosynthesis? How can organic molecules, which are thermodynamically unstable in an oxygen environment, be used for catabolic and anabolic reactions in the presence of oxygen?
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/07%3A_Binding/7.4%3A_Binding_and_the_Control_of_Gene_Transcription/D18._Links_and_ReferencesAn in Vivo Map of the Yeast Protein Interactome Science 320, 1465 (2008) Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved i...An in Vivo Map of the Yeast Protein Interactome Science 320, 1465 (2008) Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Reprograming X Inactivation (one of two X chromosomes in female cell must be silenced) Science. A silence that speaks volumes. (gene silencing by RNA interference) Nature, 404, pg 804 (2000)
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/05%3A_Carbohydrates/5.3%3A_Jeopardy/MONO-_and_DISACCHARIDES/ISOMERS/200The penultimate C (and last chiral C) contains an OH that points to the right in this kind of sugar.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/10%3A_Oxidation/10.3%3A_ATP_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation/C2.__Anerobic_Coupling_of_Oxidation_and_ATP_SynthesisAlthough we have formed a mixed anhydride, we cleaved a sulfur ester, which is destabilized with respect to its hydrolysis products (since the reactant, the thioester, is not stabilized by resonance t...Although we have formed a mixed anhydride, we cleaved a sulfur ester, which is destabilized with respect to its hydrolysis products (since the reactant, the thioester, is not stabilized by resonance to the extent of regular esters owing to the poor donation of electrons from the larger S to the carbonyl-like C.) In the next step, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, ADP acts an a nucleophile which attacks the mixed anhydride of the 1,3-bisphosphoglyerate to form ATP.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/10%3A_Oxidation/10.3%3A_ATP_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation/C3.__Aerobic_Coupling_of_Oxidation_and_ATP_SynthesisA quick glance reveals that we have taken glucose a small fraction along the way of oxidizing every carbon in it to CO2 and H2O. The complete oxidation happens under aerobic condition when the glycoly...A quick glance reveals that we have taken glucose a small fraction along the way of oxidizing every carbon in it to CO2 and H2O. The complete oxidation happens under aerobic condition when the glycolytic pathway is followed by the Kreb's cycle. Pyruvate formed in glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix, and get oxidatively decarboxylated to a 2C molecule, acetylCoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. Acetyl CoA then enters the Kreb's cycle (also called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/CSU_Chico/CSU_Chico%3A_CHEM_451_-_Biochemistry_I/CHEM_451_Test/07%3A_Binding/7.5%3A_New_Methods_in_Drug_Development/E9._Targeted_Delivery_of_Drugs_to_TumorsThe toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs might be eliminated if the drugs could be targeted to tumor cells and not to normal cells. The endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessel...The toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs might be eliminated if the drugs could be targeted to tumor cells and not to normal cells. The endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels must display different proteins depending on the organ they are in, since circulating cells that interact with blood vessels in a specific organ appear to bind only to the endothelial cells in the specific organ.
