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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Molecular_and_Atomic_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)/6%3A_Atomic_Spectroscopy/6.2%3A_Atomization_Sources/6.2C%3A_Specialized_Atomization_MethodsOne design of a cold vapor system consists of a closed loop where there is a pump to circulate air flow, a reaction vessel, and a gas cell. The sample is placed in the reaction vessel and all of the m...One design of a cold vapor system consists of a closed loop where there is a pump to circulate air flow, a reaction vessel, and a gas cell. The sample is placed in the reaction vessel and all of the mercury is first oxidized to the +2 state through the addition of strong acids. When the oxidation is complete, tin(II)chloride is added as a reducing agent to reduce the mercury to neutral mercury atoms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Illinois_Springfield/Introduction_to_Organic_Spectroscopy/5%3A_Proton_Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_(NMR)/5.09%3A_Active_Learning_with_NMRThe goal of this unit is to develop introductory concepts on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that are most relevant for undergraduate chemistry majors. Development of the concepts of NMR...The goal of this unit is to develop introductory concepts on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that are most relevant for undergraduate chemistry majors. Development of the concepts of NMR is accomplished through an examination of the normal hydrogen (1H) nucleus. The unit is focused on understanding what occurs in molecules and within the NMR spectrometer that causes 1H NMR spectra to look the way they do.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopies/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)/04_Instructor%E2%80%99s_Manual/Set_3_%E2%80%93_Electron_ShieldingI also describe why it is essential to use a zero reference in NMR spectroscopy, that the ppm scale has been devised as a way to report the location of resonances in the spectrum, and give them the eq...I also describe why it is essential to use a zero reference in NMR spectroscopy, that the ppm scale has been devised as a way to report the location of resonances in the spectrum, and give them the equation for determining the ppm of a resonance. I then draw a spectrum from 1 to 10 ppm and indicate which end of the spectrum corresponds to higher energy and higher frequency. I also indicate which end is deshielded and the distinction between the upfield and downfield part of the spectrum.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Spectroscopy/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopies/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance/Nuclear_Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy_(Wenzel)/02_In-Class_Questions/Set_1_%E2%80%93_Basic_ConceptsWhat do you think are the allowable spin quantum numbers for a proton? What is the magnitude of I, the total nuclear spin, for a hydrogen nucleus? What do you think is produced by the spinning, charge...What do you think are the allowable spin quantum numbers for a proton? What is the magnitude of I, the total nuclear spin, for a hydrogen nucleus? What do you think is produced by the spinning, charged proton that is the hydrogen nucleus? What do you think are the two allowable orientations of B p relative to B APPL ? Do you think the two allowable orientations have the same or different energy? Which of the two do you think is lower in energy?
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/Courseware/Chemical_Equilibrium/04_Instructor's_Manual/04_Solubility_Equilibria/01_Accounting_for_pHb) The solution is buffered at a pH of 3 and you will need to consider the protonation of phosphate that can occur. Students should realize that every mole of phosphate must have come from the origina...b) The solution is buffered at a pH of 3 and you will need to consider the protonation of phosphate that can occur. Students should realize that every mole of phosphate must have come from the original lead(II)phosphate and that the S expression must be modified to include the total concentration of phosphate species present. They also realize that since we know the pH, and since we are considering total phosphate species, that an α-value is likely used somehow to solve the problem.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/Courseware/Chemical_Equilibrium/04_Instructor's_Manual/02_Acid-Base_Chemistry/01_Solution_of_a_Weak_BaseInstruct students to create a table of concentrations below each species in the reaction where the first row is the starting concentration and the second row is the concentration at equilibrium. Stude...Instruct students to create a table of concentrations below each species in the reaction where the first row is the starting concentration and the second row is the concentration at equilibrium. Students will remember that water dissociates and it is worth spending a brief amount of time discussing the auto-protolysis of water and how the initial concentrations of both OH - and H 3 O + must be 10 -7 in order for K w to have a value of 10 -14 .
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/In_Class_Activities/Electrochemical_Methods_of_Analysis/02_Text/7%3A_Electrochemical_Analytical_Methods/7.2%3A_Electrodeposition_(Electrogravimetry)The question we now need to answer is whether the potential needed to plate out 99.9% of the Cd 2 + will begin to plate out the Fe 2 + . In this case, we only need to consider the potential that would...The question we now need to answer is whether the potential needed to plate out 99.9% of the Cd 2 + will begin to plate out the Fe 2 + . In this case, we only need to consider the potential that would be needed to start the plating of Fe 2 + , since plating of any iron will interfere with the measurement of cadmium.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/Courseware/Separation_ScienceThe instructor’s manual provides tips for how to use the in-class exercises, the types of responses that students often provide to the questions in the exercises, and how the instructor can build from...The instructor’s manual provides tips for how to use the in-class exercises, the types of responses that students often provide to the questions in the exercises, and how the instructor can build from these responses to develop the concepts. Ancillary modules that are shorter but address specific topics within the area of separation science (steric exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, ultracentrifugation) are provided as well.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/In_Class_Activities/Separation_Science/E%3A_Separation_Science_Worksheets/Chromatography_I_-_Fundamentals_(Worksheet)Consider a plot that has the concentration of analyte in the stationary phase on the Y-axis and the concentration of analyte in the mobile phase on the X-axis. What processes would account for the mov...Consider a plot that has the concentration of analyte in the stationary phase on the Y-axis and the concentration of analyte in the mobile phase on the X-axis. What processes would account for the movement of a molecule through a region of interstitial volume in a mobile phase? Draw a plot of the distribution of enthalpies of adsorption for a molecule on the surface of starch, silica gel, or alumina.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/Courseware/Chemical_Equilibrium/02_Text/02_Acid-Base_Chemistry/11_Solutions_of_Polyprotic_Acid_Base_Systems_Problem_CThe hydrochloric acid will therefore undergo a neutralization reaction with the malonate ion to produce Hmal – . If it turns out that all the mal 2 – gets used up in producing Hmal – and there is stil...The hydrochloric acid will therefore undergo a neutralization reaction with the malonate ion to produce Hmal – . If it turns out that all the mal 2 – gets used up in producing Hmal – and there is still an excess of hydrochloric acid, the additional hydrochloric acid will then convert Hmal – to H 2 mal.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/Courseware/Chemical_Equilibrium/02_Text/03_Water-Soluble_Complexes/04_Utilization_of_-Values_for_the_Metal_IonFor example, if we look up the complexation of Cd 2+ with hydroxide, we see that there are four steps in the process and that the K f values are larger than the one with Ca 2+ . If we had substituted ...For example, if we look up the complexation of Cd 2+ with hydroxide, we see that there are four steps in the process and that the K f values are larger than the one with Ca 2+ . If we had substituted Cd 2+ for Ca 2+ in the problem above, the competing complexation of Cd 2+ with hydroxide might have had more of an influence on the complexation of Cd 2+ with E 4– . Of course, we also need to examine the complexation of Cd 2+ with E 4– , which has a K f value of 3.16×10 16 from the table.
