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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/04%3A_Organic_Compounds_-_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Stereochemistry/4.03%3A_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_in_CycloalkanesStereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, the same atom connectivity, but they differ in the relative spatial orientation of the atoms. Di-substituted cycloalkanes are one cla...Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, the same atom connectivity, but they differ in the relative spatial orientation of the atoms. Di-substituted cycloalkanes are one class of molecules that exhibit stereoisomerism. Di-substituted cycloalkane stereoisomers are designated by the nomenclature prefixes cis (Latin, meaning on this side) and trans (Latin, meaning across).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding/1.07%3A_sp_Hybrid_Orbitals_and_the_Structure_of_MethaneThe four identical C-H single bonds in methane form as the result of sigma bond overlap between the sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon and the s orbital of each hydrogen.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases/2.12%3A_Noncovalent_Interactions_Between_MoleculesIn contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermol...In contrast to intramolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms together in molecules and polyatomic ions, intermolecular forces hold molecules together in a liquid or solid. Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker than covalent bonds. The most common intermolecular forces in organic chemistry are from strongest to weakest are hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London Dispersion (van der Waals) forces.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Alma_College/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Alma_College)/05%3A_Stereochemistry_at_Tetrahedral_Centers/5.01%3A_Chapter_Objectives_and_IntroductionTry to line up your left hand perfectly with your right hand, so that the palms are both facing in the same directions. A chiral molecule has a mirror image that cannot line up with it perfectly - the...Try to line up your left hand perfectly with your right hand, so that the palms are both facing in the same directions. A chiral molecule has a mirror image that cannot line up with it perfectly - the mirror images are non-superimposable. Just like your left hand will not fit properly in your right glove, one of the enantiomers of a molecule may not work the same way in your body, as the other.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/07%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/7.10%3A_Orientation_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Markovnikov's_RuleThis page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but...This page looks at the reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes such as ethene with hydrogen halides such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide. Symmetrical alkenes (like ethene or but-2-ene) are dealt with first. These are alkenes where identical groups are attached to each end of the carbon-carbon double bond.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/04%3A_Organic_Compounds_-_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Stereochemistry/4.07%3A_Axial_and_Equatorial_Bonds_in_CyclohexaneThe hydrogens of cyclohexane exist in two distinct locations - axial and equatorial. The two chair conformations of cyclohexane rapidly interconverts through a process called ring flip.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Smith_College/Organic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/06%3A_An_Overview_of_Organic_Reactions/6.12%3A_A_Comparison_between_Biological_Reactions_and_Laboratory_ReactionsA critical element in the three-dimensional structure of any enzyme is the presence of an ‘active site’, which is a pocket, usually located in the interior of the protein, that serves as a docking poi...A critical element in the three-dimensional structure of any enzyme is the presence of an ‘active site’, which is a pocket, usually located in the interior of the protein, that serves as a docking point for the enzyme’s substrate(s) (‘substrate’ is the term that biochemists use for a reactant molecule in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Alma_College/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Alma_College)/10%3A_Alkenes-_Structure_and_Reactivity/10.11%3A_Evidence_for_the_Mechanism_of_Electrophilic_Additions_-_Carbocation_RearrangementsWhenever possible, carbocations will rearrange from a less stable isomer to a more stable isomer. This rearrangement can be achieved by either a hydride shift, where a hydrogen atom migrates from one ...Whenever possible, carbocations will rearrange from a less stable isomer to a more stable isomer. This rearrangement can be achieved by either a hydride shift, where a hydrogen atom migrates from one carbon atom to the next, taking a pair of electrons with it; or an alkyl shift, in which an alkyl group undergoes a similar migration, again taking a bonding pair of electrons with it. These migrations usually occur between neighboring carbon atoms.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Morsch_et_al.)/04%3A_Organic_Compounds_-_Cycloalkanes_and_their_Stereochemistry/4.02%3A_Cis-Trans_Isomerism_in_CycloalkanesStereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, the same atom connectivity, but they differ in the relative spatial orientation of the atoms. Di-substituted cycloalkanes are one cla...Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, the same atom connectivity, but they differ in the relative spatial orientation of the atoms. Di-substituted cycloalkanes are one class of molecules that exhibit stereoisomerism. Di-substituted cycloalkane stereoisomers are designated by the nomenclature prefixes cis (Latin, meaning on this side) and trans (Latin, meaning across).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Morsch_et_al.)/02%3A_Polar_Covalent_Bonds_Acids_and_Bases/2.04%3A_Rules_for_Resonance_FormsThe above resonance structures show that the electrons are delocalized within the molecule and through this process the molecule gains extra stability. Ozone with both of its opposite formal charges c...The above resonance structures show that the electrons are delocalized within the molecule and through this process the molecule gains extra stability. Ozone with both of its opposite formal charges creates a neutral molecule and through resonance it is a stable molecule. The extra electron that created the negative charge on one terminal oxygen can be delocalized by resonance through the other terminal oxygen.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Morsch_et_al.)/01%3A_Structure_and_Bonding/1.12%3A_Drawing_Chemical_StructuresKekulé Formulas or structural formulas display the atoms of the molecule in the order they are bonded. Condensed structural formulas show the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written i...Kekulé Formulas or structural formulas display the atoms of the molecule in the order they are bonded. Condensed structural formulas show the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written in a single line to save space. Skeleton formulas or Shorthand formulas or line-angle formulas are used to write carbon and hydrogen atoms more efficiently by replacing the letters with lines. Isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas
