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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/CHEM_1020%3A_General_Chemistry_II_(S.N._Yasapala)/05%3A_Thermochemistry/5.04%3A_Gibbs_Free_Energy/5.4.02%3A_Free_Energy_and_the_Equilibrium_ConstantFor a reversible process (with no external work), the change in free energy can be expressed in terms of volume, pressure, entropy, and temperature. If the products and reactants are in their standard...For a reversible process (with no external work), the change in free energy can be expressed in terms of volume, pressure, entropy, and temperature. If the products and reactants are in their standard states and ΔG° < 0, then K > 1, and products are favored over reactants at equilibrium. If ΔG° > 0, then K < 1, and reactants are favored over products at equilibrium. If ΔG° = 0, then K=1, and neither reactants nor products are favored at equilibrium. We can use the measured equilibrium constant
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Topics_in_Thermodynamics_of_Solutions_and_Liquid_Mixtures/01%3A_Modules/1.01%3A_Activity/1.1.11%3A_Activity_CoefficientsThe properties of solutes in solutions are described using activity coefficients which are linked to the descriptions of the composition of solutions: molality scale, \(\gamma_{j}\); concentration sca...The properties of solutes in solutions are described using activity coefficients which are linked to the descriptions of the composition of solutions: molality scale, \(\gamma_{j}\); concentration scale \(\gamma_{j}\); mole fraction scale \(\mathrm{f}_{\mathrm{j}}^{*}\).
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/08%3A_Proteins/8.08%3A_Proteins_(Summary)To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lakehead_University/Analytical_I/6%3A_Equilibrium_Chemistry/6.09%3A_Activity_EffectsThe activity coefficient for a species corrects for any deviation between its physical and ideal concentration. For a gas, a pure solid, a pure liquid, or a non-ionic solute, the activity coefficient ...The activity coefficient for a species corrects for any deviation between its physical and ideal concentration. For a gas, a pure solid, a pure liquid, or a non-ionic solute, the activity coefficient is approximately one under reasonable experimental conditions. For reactions involving only these species, the difference between activity and concentration is negligible. The activity coefficient for an ion, however, depends on the solution’s ionic strength, the ion’s charge, and the ion’s size.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Kansas/CHEM_130%3A_General_Chemistry_I_(Sharpe_Elles)/16%3A_Chemical_Thermodynamics/16.06%3A_Free_Energy_and_the_Equilibrium_ConstantFor a reversible process (with no external work), the change in free energy can be expressed in terms of volume, pressure, entropy, and temperature. If the products and reactants are in their standard...For a reversible process (with no external work), the change in free energy can be expressed in terms of volume, pressure, entropy, and temperature. If the products and reactants are in their standard states and ΔG° < 0, then K > 1, and products are favored over reactants at equilibrium. If ΔG° > 0, then K < 1, and reactants are favored over products at equilibrium. If ΔG° = 0, then K=1, and neither reactants nor products are favored at equilibrium. We can use the measured equilibrium constant
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/21%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry/21.04%3A_Rates_of_Radioactive_DecayUnstable nuclei undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ emission, positron emission, and electron capture. Nuclear reactions also often in...Unstable nuclei undergo spontaneous radioactive decay. The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ emission, positron emission, and electron capture. Nuclear reactions also often involve γ rays, and some nuclei decay by electron capture. Each of these modes of decay leads to the formation of a new stable nuclei sometimes via multiple decays before ending in a stable isotope. All nuclear decay processes follow first-order kinetics and each radioisotope has its own half-life.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Lebanon_Valley_College/CHM_312%3A_Physical_Chemistry_II_(Lebanon_Valley_College)/06%3A_Multiple_Component_Phase_Equilibrium/6.13%3A_ActivityFor non-ideal gases, we introduced in chapter 11 the concept of fugacity as an effective pressure that accounts for non-ideal behavior.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/08%3A_Proteins/8.09%3A_E-_Proteins_(Exercises)Problems and select solutions for the chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Thermodynamics_and_Chemical_Equilibrium_(Ellgen)/16%3A_The_Chemical_Activity_of_the_Components_of_a_Solution/16.19%3A_Finding_Solute_Activity_Using_the_Hypothetical_One-molal_Standard_Statefor the chemical potential difference, \(\mu_A \left( \underline{m}_A \right) - \mu_A \left) \underline{m}_A^{ \text{ref}} \right)\) between two states of the same substance. \(\mu_A \left( \underline...for the chemical potential difference, \(\mu_A \left( \underline{m}_A \right) - \mu_A \left) \underline{m}_A^{ \text{ref}} \right)\) between two states of the same substance. \(\mu_A \left( \underline{m}_A \right)\) is the difference between the chemical potential of solute A at \(\underline{m}_A\) and the chemical potential of its constituent elements in their standard states at the same temperature.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Millersville_University/CHEM_341-_Physical_Chemistry_I/07%3A_Mixtures_and_Solutions/7.08%3A_Non-ideality_in_Solutions_-_ActivityThe bulk of the discussion in this chapter dealt with ideal solutions. However, real solutions will deviate from this kind of behavior. So much as in the case of gases, where fugacity was introduced t...The bulk of the discussion in this chapter dealt with ideal solutions. However, real solutions will deviate from this kind of behavior. So much as in the case of gases, where fugacity was introduced to allow us to use the ideal models, activity is used to allow for the deviation of real solutes from limiting ideal behavior.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Nonideal_Solutions/ActivityActivity is a measure of the effective concentration of a species under non-ideal (e.g., concentrated) conditions. This determines the real chemical potential for a real solution rather than an ideal ...Activity is a measure of the effective concentration of a species under non-ideal (e.g., concentrated) conditions. This determines the real chemical potential for a real solution rather than an ideal one.
