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- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/De_Anza_College/CHEM_10%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Parajon_Puenzo)/14%3A_Carbohydrates/14.S%3A_Carbohydrates_(Summary)To ensure that you understand the material in this chapter, you should review the meanings of the bold terms in the following summary and ask yourself how they relate to the topics in the chapter.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_III_(Morsch_et_al.)/25%3A_Carbohydrates/25.01%3A_Classification_of_CarbohydratesThey are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (e.g., cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form...They are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (e.g., cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form of starch and glycogen. Common disaccharides are the grain sugar maltose, made of two glucose molecules; the milk sugar lactose, made of one galactose and one glucose molecule; and the table sugar sucrose, made of one glucose and one fructose molecule.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/06%3A_Carbohydrates/6.05%3A_Reactions_of_MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides that contain five or more carbons atoms form cyclic structures in aqueous solution. Two cyclic stereoisomers can form from each straight-chain monosaccharide; these are known as anomer...Monosaccharides that contain five or more carbons atoms form cyclic structures in aqueous solution. Two cyclic stereoisomers can form from each straight-chain monosaccharide; these are known as anomers. In an aqueous solution, an equilibrium mixture forms between the two anomers and the straight-chain structure of a monosaccharide in a process known as mutarotation.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Georgia_Southern_University/CHEM_1152%3A_Survey_of_Chemistry_II_(Osborne)/06%3A_Carbohydrates/6.03%3A_Classifying_MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides can be classified by the number of carbon atoms in the structure and/or the type of carbonyl group they contain (aldose or ketose). Most monosaccharides contain at least one chiral car...Monosaccharides can be classified by the number of carbon atoms in the structure and/or the type of carbonyl group they contain (aldose or ketose). Most monosaccharides contain at least one chiral carbon and can form stereoisomers. Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Martin_Luther_College/Organic_Chemistry_-_MLC/05%3A_Biomolecules/5.01%3A_Biomolecules-_Carbohydrates/5.1.02%3A_Classification_of_CarbohydratesThey are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (e.g., cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form...They are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to various structural components of organisms (e.g., cellulose and chitin), and they are the primary source of energy storage in the form of starch and glycogen. Common disaccharides are the grain sugar maltose, made of two glucose molecules; the milk sugar lactose, made of one galactose and one glucose molecule; and the table sugar sucrose, made of one glucose and one fructose molecule.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/De_Anza_College/CHEM_10%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Parajon_Puenzo)/14%3A_Carbohydrates/14.01%3A_Overview_of_CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and starches. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates. A mo...Carbohydrates are an important group of biological molecules that includes sugars and starches. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates. A monosaccharide is the simplest carbohydrate and cannot be hydrolyzed to produce a smaller carbohydrate molecule. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides contain many monosaccharide units.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/De_Anza_College/CHEM_10%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Parajon_Puenzo)/14%3A_CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are major sources of energy in our diets. Rice, potatoes, bread, and fruit are rich in carbohydrates. These biomolecules contain several alcohol groups and an aldehyde or ketone functi...Carbohydrates are major sources of energy in our diets. Rice, potatoes, bread, and fruit are rich in carbohydrates. These biomolecules contain several alcohol groups and an aldehyde or ketone functional group. The simplest type of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, consists of a single sugar molecule. The monosaccharide glucose is the principal entry point into metabolic pathways for energy production, but we often do not ingest glucose in our food. In this chapter, we will discuss what carbohyd
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Workbench/Pick_Your_Poison%3A_Introduction_to_Materials_Toxicology/28%3A_Levels_of_Organization/28.02%3A_The_Chemical_Level_of_Organization/28.2.06%3A_Organic_Compounds_Essential_to_Human_FunctioningFigure \PageIndex9: The Shape of Proteins (a) The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. (b) The secondary structure, which can take the form of an ...Figure \PageIndex9: The Shape of Proteins (a) The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. (b) The secondary structure, which can take the form of an alpha-helix or a beta-pleated sheet, is maintained by hydrogen bonds between amino acids in different regions of the original polypeptide strand. (c) The tertiary structure occurs as a result of further folding and bonding of the secondary structure. (d) The quaternary structure occurs as a result …
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Chandler_Gilbert_Community_College/Fundamental_Organic_ala_Mech/03%3A_Representations_of_Molecules/3.05%3A_Conformations_of_Cycloalkanes/3.5.04%3A_Why_This_Chapter/3.5.4.01%3A_Classification_of_CarbohydratesThe -ose suffix designates a carbohydrate, and the prefixes aldo- and keto- identify the kind of carbonyl group in the molecule, whether aldehyde or ketone. Putting it all together, glucose is an aldo...The -ose suffix designates a carbohydrate, and the prefixes aldo- and keto- identify the kind of carbonyl group in the molecule, whether aldehyde or ketone. Putting it all together, glucose is an aldohexose, a six-carbon aldehyde sugar; fructose is a ketohexose, a six-carbon keto sugar; ribose is an aldopentose, a five-carbon aldehyde sugar; and sedoheptulose is a ketoheptose, a seven-carbon keto sugar.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/De_Anza_College/CHEM_10%3A_Introduction_to_Chemistry_(Parajon_Puenzo)/14%3A_Carbohydrates/14.02%3A_Classifying_MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides can be classified by the number of carbon atoms in the structure and/or the type of carbonyl group they contain (aldose or ketose). Most monosaccharides contain at least one chiral car...Monosaccharides can be classified by the number of carbon atoms in the structure and/or the type of carbonyl group they contain (aldose or ketose). Most monosaccharides contain at least one chiral carbon and can form stereoisomers. Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other.
- https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Introduction_to_Organic_and_Biochemistry_(Malik)/05%3A_Carbohydrates/5.04%3A_Reactions_of_monosaccharidesReactions of monosaccharides, including conversion to glycosides, oxidation to aldonic acids, and reduction to alditols, are described along with defining and testing reducing sugars.
