Solutions 17

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S17.1

(a) eight electrons:

A Lewis dot diagram shows the symbol for arsenic, A s, surrounded by eight dots and a superscripted three negative sign. ;

(b) eight electrons:

A Lewis dot diagram shows the symbol for iodine, I, surrounded by eight dots and a superscripted negative sign. ;

Be²⁺;

(d) eight electrons:

A Lewis dot diagram shows the symbol for oxygen, O, surrounded by eight dots and a superscripted two negative sign. ;

(e) no electrons

Ga³⁺;

(f) no electrons

Li⁺;

(g) eight electrons:

A Lewis dot diagram shows the symbol for nitrogen, N, surrounded by eight dots and a superscripted three negative sign.

S17.2

Write Lewis structures for the following:

a. H₂

b. HBr

c. PCl₃

d. SF₂

e. H₂CCH₂

f. HNNH

g. H₂CNH

h. NO^–

i. N₂

j. CO

k. CN^–

S17.3

A graph is shown where the x-axis is labeled, “Internuclear distance ( p m ),” and the y-axis is labeled, “Energy ( J ).” The graph of the data begins at the top of the y-axis and the left side of the x-axis and dips steeply downward before rising again to almost the same height. The lowest point the graph dips to is labeled “127” on the x-axis.

When H and Cl are separate (the x axis) the energy is at a particular value. As they approach, it decreases to a minimum at 127 pm (the bond distance), and then it increases sharply as you get closer.

You can also find the potential energy function of H-Cl and take the derivative with respect to internuclear distance and find minimum.

$H–Cl$: $$energy of one bond=431 kJ/mol /N_A=431 \times 10^3 J/mol x \dfrac{1 mol}{6.02 \times 10^{23} bonds}=7.16 \times 10^{-19} J/bond$$

S17.4

The single bond present in each molecule results from overlap of the relevant orbitals: F 2p orbitals in F₂, the H 1s and F 2p orbitals in HF, and the Cl 3p orbital and Br 4p orbital in ClBr.

S17.5

$\ce{H–C≡N}$ has two σ (H–C and C–N) and two π (making the CN triple bond).

S17.6

An ionic bond wave function takes into account the probability that the electrons of a multiatomic molecule might exist on the same atom; the covalent bond wave function assumes they exist on separate atoms.

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