16.13: Ch. 13 Odd Answers
- Page ID
- 503031
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Multiple choice Questions
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. d
11. a
12. c
13. b
14. a
Warm-Up Problems
1. butyric acid - short-chain, saturated fatty acid
3. arachidonic acid - long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid
Matching:
1. Triglyceride - D. Lipid molecule composed of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains
2. Phospholipid - B. Component of cell membranes
3. Small intestine - C. Lipid digestion begins here
4. Saturated fatty acid - J. Lipid molecule with no carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chains
5. Cholesterol - G. Lipid molecule important for hormone synthesis
6. Unsaturated fatty acid - F. Lipid molecule with carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chains
7. Omega-3 fatty acids - 7. Lipid molecule important for hormone synthesis
8. Lipoproteins - H. Lipid carrier proteins in the bloodstream
9. LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) - I. Lipid that can be classified as LDL or HDL
10. Chylomicrons - A. Lipid primarily used for long-term energy storage
Problems
1. The abundance of oxygen in the molecule is the major determinant of its structure and classification. In carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is typically 2:1 (as in the water molecule) and most carbons are bonded to at least one oxygen in a hydroxyl, carbonyl or ester. In lipids, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is much higher and carbon-oxygen bonds are found only in certain portions of the molecule.
3. Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid containing two cis double bonds along an 18-carbon chain. The cis double bonds cause the chain to be kinked and bend back on itself.
5. Lipids are transported through the bloodstream, stored in adipose tissue, and can be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol to provide energy when needed.
7. Lipids are mostly hydrophobic, meaning that they will avoid water and will not dissolve in aqueous solutions. They will disperse in non-polar organic solvents such as acetone and benzene.
Challenge Problem
1. Differences in shape between large hydrophobic sections and polar headgroups means lipids will fit together in different ways. Closely packed hydrophobic sections with saturated or trans-unsaturated tails will be less fluid. Loosely packed hydrophobic sections with cis unsaturated tails will be more fluid.
Health-Related Question
1. HDL particles contain a mixture of lipids. Amphipathic lipids including phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol form a micellar structure. Hydrophobic triglycerides and cholesteryl ester (cholesterol esterified to a fatty acyl chain) are in the interior of the micelle. In addition, the HDL particle contains a protein component, apolipoprotein A1, which is embedded into the micellar lipid monolayer.