A3: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value

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The following table provides E^o for selected reduction reactions. Values are from the following sources: Bard, A. J.; Parsons, B.; Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Dekker: New York, 1985; Milazzo, G.; Caroli, S.; Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley: London, 1978; Swift, E. H.; Butler, E. A. Quantitative Measurements and Chemical Equilibria, Freeman: New York, 1972.

The table is ordered such that the stronger (more reactive) reductants are at the top and the stronger oxidants are at the bottom.

Standard Cathode (Reduction) Half-Reaction	Standard Reduction Potential E° (volts)
Li⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Li(s)	-3.040
Rb⁺ + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Rb (s)	-2.98
K⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) K(s)	-2.93
Ba²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s)	-2.92
Cs⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cs(s)	-2.92
Ba²⁺(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s)	-2.91
Sr²⁺(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sr(s)	-2.89
Ca²⁺(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ca(s)	-2.84
Na⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Na(s)	-2.713
Mg(OH)₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s) + 2OH⁻	-2.687
La³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) La(s)	-2.38
Mg²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s)	-2.356
Ce³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce(s)	-2.336
Al(OH)₄⁻ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 4OH⁻	-2.310
BaO(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e^– \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s) + H₂O(l)	-2.166
AlF₆³⁻ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 6F⁻	-2.07
Be²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Be(s)	-1.99
B(OH)₄⁻ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) + 4OH⁻	-1.811
Al³⁺(aq) + 3e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s)	-1.676
U³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) U(s)	-1.66
ZnO₂ + 4H⁺+ 4e⁻ \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 2H₂O	-1.473
SiF₆²⁻ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Si(s) + 6F⁻	-1.37
Zn(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4CN	-1.34
Zn(OH)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4OH⁻	-1.285
Mn²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn(s)	-1.17
CdS(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + S²⁻	-1.17
V²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) V(s)	-1.13
2SO₃²⁻ + 2H₂O(l) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) S₂O₄²⁻ + 4OH⁻	-1.13
Zn(NH₃)₄²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4NH₃	-1.04
O₂ (aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O₂^-(aq)	-1.0
Cd(CN)₄²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4CN⁻	-0.943
MoO₄²⁻ + 4H₂O(l) + 6e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)Mo(s) + 8OH⁻	-0.913
SO₄²⁻ + H₂O(l) + 2e⁻ \(\rightleftharpoons\) SO₃²⁻+ 2OH⁻	-0.936
SiO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Si(s) + 2H₂O(l)	-0.909
Cr²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)	-0.90
B(OH)₃ + 3H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) + 3H₂O(l)	-0.890
2H₂O(l) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂(g) + 2OH^-(aq)	-0.828
Zn²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s)	-0.7618
Co(OH)₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s) + 2OH⁻	-0.746
Cr³⁺(aq) + 3e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)	-0.74
Ni(OH)₂ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 2OH⁻	-0.72
Ag₂S(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) + S²⁻	-0.71
Se(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Se²⁻	-0.67 in 1 M NaOH
Cd(NH₃)₄²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4NH₃	-0.622
2SO₃²⁻ + 3H₂O(l) + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)S₂O₃²⁻ + 6OH⁻	-0.576 in 1 M NaOH
Ga³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ga(s)	-0.56
U⁴⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) U³⁺	-0.52
SiO₂(s) + 8H⁺ + 8e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) SiH₄(g) + 2H₂O(l)	-0.516
Sb + 3H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) SbH₃(g)	-0.510
H₃PO₃+ 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₃PO₂ + H₂O(l)	-0.50
Ni(NH₃)₆²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 6NH₃	-0.49
2CO₂(g) + 2H⁺ +2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂C₂O₄	-0.481
Cr³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr²⁺	-0.424
Fe²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)	-0.44
S(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) S²⁻	-0.407
Cd²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s)	-0.4030
Ag(NH₃)₂⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + 2NH₃	-0.373
Ti³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ti²⁺	-0.37
PbSO₄(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s) + SO₄²⁻	-0.356
Co²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s)	-0.277
2SO₄²⁻ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) S₂O₆²⁻ + 2H₂O(l)	-0.25
N₂(g) + 5H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) N₂H₅⁺	-0.23
H₃PO₄ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₃PO₃ + H₂O(l)	-0.28
Ni²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s)	-0.257
V³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) V²⁺	-0.255
As + 3H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) AsH₃(g)	-0.225
CO₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) HCO₂H	-0.20
Mo³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s)	-0.2
Ti²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ti(s)	-0.163
MoO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s) + 2H₂O(l)	-0.152
AgI(s) + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + I⁻	-0.152
Sn²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn(s)	-0.136
CrO₄²⁻ + 4H₂O(l) + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)2Cr(OH)₄⁻ + 4OH⁻	-0.13 in 1 M NaOH
Pb²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s)	-0.126
WO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) W(s) + 2H₂O(l)	-0.119
Se(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂Se(g)	-0.115
CO₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) CO(g) + H₂O(l)	-0.106
WO₃(s) + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) W(s) + 3H₂O(l)	-0.090
Hg₂I₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2I⁻	-0.0405
Fe³⁺(aq) + 3e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)	-0.037
2H⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂(g)	0.00
P(s,white) + 3H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) PH₃(g)	0.06
AgBr(s) + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Br⁻	0.071
S₄O₆²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)2S₂O₃²⁻	0.080
Co(NH₃)₆³⁺ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)Co(NH₃)₆²⁺	0.1
Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) + Ru(NH₃)₆²⁺	0.10
S(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂S	0.144
Sn⁴⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn²⁺(aq)	0.154
Cu²⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu⁺(aq)	0.159
UO₂²⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)UO₂⁺	0.16
Co(OH)₃(s) + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(OH)₂(s) + OH⁻	0.17
ClO₄^-(aq) + H₂O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO₃^-(aq) + 2OH^-(aq)	0.17
SO₄²⁻ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂SO₃(aq) + H₂O(l)	0.172
BiCl₄⁻ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s) + 4Cl⁻	0.199
SbO⁺+ 2H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Sb(s) + H₂O(l)	0.212
AgCl(s) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Cl^-(aq)	0.2223
HCHO + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) CH₃OH	0.2323
HAsO₂ + 3H⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) As(s) + 2H₂O(l)	0.240
Ru³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru²⁺	0.249
IO₃⁻+ 3H₂O(l) + 6e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) I⁻ + 6OH⁻	0.257
Hg₂Cl₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Cl⁻	0.2682
UO₂⁺ + 4H⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)U⁴⁺ + 2H₂O(l)	0.27
Bi³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s)	0.317
UO₂²⁺ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) U⁴⁺ + 2H₂O(l)	0.327
VO²⁺ + 2H⁺ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)V³⁺ + H₂O(l)	0.337
Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)	0.3419
ClO₃^-(aq) + H₂O(l) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO₂^-(aq) + 2OH^-(aq)	0.35
Fe(CN)₆³⁻ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(CN)₆⁴⁻	0.356
O₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 4OH⁻	0.401
ClO⁻ + H₂O(l) + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ½Cl₂(g) + 2OH⁻	0.421 in 1 M NaOH
Ag₂C₂O₄(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) + C₂O₄²⁻	0.47
Cu⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)	0.52
I₂(s) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2I^-(aq)	0.5355
I₃⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 3I⁻	0.536
Cu²⁺ + Cl⁻ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) CuCl(s)	0.559
H₃AsO₄ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO₂ + 2H₂O(l)	0.560
S₂O₆²⁻ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H₂SO₃	0.569
ClO₂^-(aq) + H₂O(l) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO^-(aq) + 2OH^-(aq)	0.59
MnO₄⁻ + 2H₂O(l) + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO₂(s) + 4OH⁻	0.60
Sb₂O₅(s) + 6H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2SbO⁺ + 3H₂O(l)	0.605
PtCl₆²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) PtCl₄²^- + 2Cl⁻	0.68
RuO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) + 2H₂O(l)	0.68
O₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂O₂	0.695
PtCl₄²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s) + 4Cl⁻	0.73
H₂SeO₃ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Se(s) + 3H₂O(l)	0.74
Tl³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Tl(s)	0.742
Tl³⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Tl⁺	0.77 in 1 M HCl
Fe³⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe²^+_(aq)	0.771
Hg₂²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l)	0.7960
Ag⁺(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s)	0.7996
Hg²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l)	0.8535
Cu²⁺ + I⁻ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) CuI(s)	0.86
Ru(CN)₆³⁻ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) + Ru(CN)₆⁴⁻	0.86
ClO⁻ + H₂O(l) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻	0.890 in 1 M NaOH
2Hg²⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg₂²⁺(aq)	0.911
HgO(s) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l) + H₂O(l)	0.926
NO₃⁻ + 3H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) HNO₂ + H₂O(l)	0.94
MnO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn³⁺ (aq) + 2H₂O(l)	0.95
NO₃^-(aq) + 4H⁺(aq) + 3e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g) + 2H₂O(l)	0.96
HIO + H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) I⁻ + H₂O(l)	0.985
HNO₂ + H⁺ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g) + H₂O(l)	0.996
VO₂²⁺ + 2H⁺ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) VO²⁺ + H₂O(l)	1.000
AuCl₄⁻ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s) + 4Cl⁻	1.002
NO₂ (g) + H⁺ (aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) HNO₂ (aq)	1.07
Br₂(l) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Br^-(aq)	1.087
Fe(phen)₆³⁺ +e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(phen)₆²⁺	1.147
SeO₄³⁻ + 4H⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) H₂SeO₃ + H₂O(l)	1.151
ClO₃⁻ + 2H⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO₂(g) + H₂O	1.175
ClO₃⁻ + 3H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) HClO₂ + H₂O	1.181
IO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 5e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ½I₂(s) + 3H₂O(l)	1.195
Pt²⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s)	1.2
ClO₄⁻ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO₃⁻ + H₂O	1.201
O₂(g) + 4H⁺(aq) + 4e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H₂O(l)	1.229
MnO₂(s) + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn²⁺ + 2H₂O(l)	1.23
2HNO₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) N₂O(g) + 3H₂O(l)	1.297
HOBr + H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br⁻ + H₂O(l)	1.341
Cr₂O₇²^-(aq) + 14H⁺(aq) + 6e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cr³⁺(aq) + 7H₂O(l)	1.36
Au³⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au⁺	1.36
Hg₂Br₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Br⁻	1.392
Cl₂(g) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cl^-(aq)	1.396
Hg₂Br₂(s) + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Br⁻	1.392
Ce⁴⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce³⁺(aq)	1.44
PbO₂(s) + 4H⁺ +2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb²⁺(aq) + 2H₂O(l)	1.46
BrO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 6e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br⁻ + 3H₂O	1.478
Mn³⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn²⁺	1.5
BrO₃⁻ + 6H⁺ + 5e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ½Br₂(l) + 3H₂O	1.5
MnO₄^-(aq) + 8H⁺(aq) + 5e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn²⁺(aq) + 4H₂O(l)	1.51
Au³⁺ + 3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)	1.52
2NO(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) N₂O(g) + H₂O(l)	1.59
HOBr + H⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) ½Br⁻ + H₂O(l)	1.604
HClO₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) HOCl + H₂O	1.64
PbO₂(s) + SO₄²⁻ + 4H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) PbSO₄(s) + 2H₂O(l)	1.690
MnO₄⁻ + 4H⁺ +3e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO₂(s) + 2H₂O(l)	1.70
Ce⁴⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce³⁺	1.72
N₂O(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) N₂(g) + H₂O(l)	1.77
H₂O₂(aq) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H₂O(l)	1.763
Au⁺ + e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)	1.83
Co³⁺(aq) + e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co²⁺(aq)	1.92
S₂O₈²⁻ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\)2SO₄²⁻	1.96
O₃(g) + 2H⁺(aq) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O₂(g) + H₂O(l)	2.07
F₂(g) + 2e^- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2F^-(aq)	2.87
F₂(g) + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2HF	3.053

Contributors and Attributions

David Harvey (DePauw University)

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