Amino acid biosynthesis
- Page ID
- 943
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Sections/problems listed with an asterisk (*) do not discuss the exact reaction indicated, but do discuss a closely related reaction.
Alanine (from pyruvate)
- Alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) Section 14.4E*
Aspartate (from oxaloacetate):
- Aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) Section 14.4E
Glutamate (from alpha-ketoglutarate)
- Glutamate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) Section 14.4E
Glutamine (from glutamate)
- Glutamine synthase (EC 6.3.1.2) Section 10.2D, Section 12.2A
Asparagine (from aspartate)
- Asparagine synthase (EC 6.3.5.4) Section 10.2E, Section 12.2B
Arginine (from glutamate via ornithine, urea cycle)
- N-acetylglutamate synthase (EC 2.3.1.1) Section 12.3*
- Acetylglutamate kinase (EC 2.7.2.8) Section 10.2D*, Section 12.2*
- N-acetyl-gamma-glutamyl-phosphate reductase (1.2.1.38) Section 16.4D*
- Acetylornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.11) Section 14.4E*
- Acetylornithine deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.16) Chapter 12*
to arginine via urea cycle:
- Ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3) Section 12.2A,B*
- Argininosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.5) Section 12.6, Section 14.1D
- Arginosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) Section 14.1D
- Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) P12.16
Proline (from glutamate)
- Glutamate-5-kinase (EC 2.7.2.11) Section 16.4D
- Glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.41) Section 16.4D, reverse of P11.2
- Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (EC 1.5.1.2) Section 16.4D
Serine (from 3-phosphoglycerate)
- Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.95) Section 16.4*
- Phosphoserine transaminase (EC 2.6.1.52) Section 14.4E*
- Phosphoserine phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.3) Section 10.3*
Cysteine (from serine)
- Cystathionine beta-synthase (EC 4.2.1.22) Section 14.4G*
- Cystathionine gamma-lyase (EC 4.4.1.1) Section 14.4G
or, in bacteria:
- O-acetylserine sulfhydrolase (EC 2.5.1.47) Section 14.4F
Glycine (from serine)
- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) Section 14.4D
Lysine (from aspartate)
- Aspartate kinase (EC 2.7.2.4) P16.3; Section 10.2D*,
- Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.11) Section 16.4*; P16.3
- Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (EC 4.2.1.52) Section 13.3*, Section 11.6*, Section 14.1*; P11.7, C14.3
- Dihydrodipicolinate reductase (EC 1.3.1.26) Section 16.5*; P16.4a
- Tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate N-succinyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.117) P11.9
- Succinyldiaminopimelate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.17) Section 14.4E*
- Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase (EC 3.5.1.18) P12.8
- Diaminopimelate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.20) Section 14.4C
Methionine (from aspartate via homoserine)
- Aspartate kinase (EC 2.7.2.4) Section 10.2D*; P16.3
- Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.11) Section 16.4*; P16.3
- Homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.3) Section 16.4*
- Homoserine transsuccinylase (EC 2.3.1.46) Section 12.3*
- Cystathionine gamma-synthase (EC 4.2.1.22) Section 14.4G
- Cystathionine beta-lyase (EC 4.4.1.8) Section 14.4F*
- Methionine synthase (EC 2.1.1.13) P9.5
Threonine (from homoserine)
- Homoserine kinase (EC 2.7.1.39) Section 10.2*
- Threonine synthase (EC 4.2.3.1) P14.10c, Section 14.4G*
Isoleucine, leucine, and valine (from pyruvate):
- Acetolactate synthase (EC 2.2.1.6) P14.12 Section 14.5*
- Ketol acid reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.86) Section 15.7C
- Dihydroxyacid dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.9) P14.5
to isoleucine:
- Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.42) Section 14.4E*
to valine:
- Valine—pyruvate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.66) Section 14.4E*
to leucine:
- 2-isopropylmalate synthase (EC 2.3.3.13) Section 13.3*
- Isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) P14.7
- 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.85) Section 16.4*
- Leucine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.6) Section 14.4E*
Aromatic amino acids
Erythrose-4-phosphate to chorismate:
- DAHP synthase (EC 2.5.1.54) Section 15.2C
- Dehydroquinate synthase (EC 4.2.3.4) C13.1, 14.1A
- Dehydroquinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.10) Section 14.1D
- Shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25) Section 16.4*
- Shikimate kinase (EC 2.7.1.71) P10.2 Section 10.2*
- 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (EC 2.5.1.19) Section 14.3B, Section 15.4
- Chorismate synthase (EC 4.2.3.5) Section 14.3B, Section 17.3C
chorismate to tryptophan:
- Anthranilate synthase (EC 4.1.3.27) P14.8a
- Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.18) Section 11.5*
- Phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.24) P11.12, P13.12
- Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.1.48) Section 15.5B
- Tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20) Section 13.3C, E13.7, Section 15.5B
chorismate to phenylalanine/tyrosine:
- Chorismate mutase (EC 5.4.99.5) Section 15.10
- Prephenate decarboxylase (EC 4.2.1.51) Section 14.3B
- Aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.57) Section 14.4E*
- Tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) Section 14.4E*
Histidine
- ATP phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.17) Section 11.5*
- Phosphoribosyl-ATP diphosphatase (EC 3..6.1.31) Section 10.3*
- Phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.19) P12.12
- 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase (EC 5.3.1.16) P14.8b
- Imidazole glycerol-phosphate synthase (no EC number assigned) Section 11.6*, C11.1
- Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (4.2.1.19) Section 14.3B
- Histidinol-phosphate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.9) Section 14.4E*
- Histidinol-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.15) Section 10.3*
- Histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) Section 16.4D*