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An important point that has been neglected in the textbook is the ability of certain carbocations to undergo rearrangement. For example, it is often possible for a carbocation formed in an E1 or S_N1 process to rearrange to form a more stable carbocation. This ability can result in the formation of some “unexpected” products, and is often cited as another method of determining whether the mechanism of a given reaction involves a carbocation.We will discuss the rearrangement of carbocations in Section 16.3, but we mention it briefly here to warn you that it may bediscussed in the nucleophilic substitution section of other organic chemistry textbooks to which you might refer. By attempting a selection of the additional problems (pages 414-423), you should be able to determine for yourself which of the topics introduced in this unit you need to review.When you are confident in your mastery of the
material presented in Units 10-11, please complete Self Test 4.

Contributors

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Dr. Dietmar Kennepohl FCIC (Professor of Chemistry, Athabasca University)