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6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors

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    48602
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    Learning Objectives
    • Use chemical formulas as conversion factors.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows that we need 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom to make one water molecule. If we want to make two water molecules, we will need 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms. If we want to make five molecules of water, we need 10 hydrogen atoms and 5 oxygen atoms. The ratio of atoms we will need to make any number of water molecules is the same: 2 hydrogen atoms to 1 oxygen atom.

    In water, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2 to 1.
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Water Molecules. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms used to make water molecules is always 2:1, no matter how many water molecules are being made.

    Using formulas to indicate how many atoms of each element we have in a substance, we can relate the number of moles of molecules to the number of moles of atoms. For example, in 1 mol of water (H2O) we can construct the relationships given in (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)).

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Molecular Relationships for Water
    1 Molecule of \(H_2O\) Has 1 Mol of \(H_2O\) Has Molecular Relationships
    2 H atoms 2 mol of H atoms \(\mathrm{\dfrac{2\: mol\: H\: atoms}{1\: mol\: H_2O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: H_2O\: molecules}{2\: mol\: H\: atoms}}\)
    1 O atom 1 mol of O atoms \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: O\: atoms}{1\: mol\: H_2O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: H_2O\: molecules}{1\: mol\: O\: atoms}}\)
    The Mole is big

    A mole represents a very large number! The number 602,214,129,000,000,000,000,000 looks about twice as long as a trillion, which means it’s about a trillion trillion.

    moles_number_length.png

    (CC BY-SA NC; what if? [what-if.xkcd.com]).

    A trillion trillion kilograms is how much a planet weighs. If 1 mol of quarters were stacked in a column, it could stretch back and forth between Earth and the sun 6.8 billion times.

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\): Molecular and Mass Relationships for Ethanol
    1 Molecule of \(C_2H_6O\) Has 1 Mol of \(C_2H_6O\) Has Molecular and Mass Relationships
    2 C atoms 2 mol of C atoms \(\mathrm{\dfrac{2\: mol\: C\: atoms}{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{2\: mol\: C\: atoms}}\)
    6 H atoms 6 mol of H atoms \(\mathrm{\dfrac{6\: mol\: H\: atoms}{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{6\: mol\: H\: atoms}}\)
    1 O atom 1 mol of O atoms \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: O\: atoms}{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{1\: mol\: O\: atoms}}\)

    2 (12.01 amu) C

    24.02 amu C

    2 (12.01 g) C

    24.02 g C

    \(\mathrm{\dfrac{24.02\: g\: C\: }{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{24.02\: g\: C\: }}\)

    6 (1.008 amu) H

    6.048 amu H

    6 (1.008 g) H

    6.048 g H

    \(\mathrm{\dfrac{6.048\: g\: H\: }{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{6.048\: g\: H\: }}\)

    1 (16.00 amu) O

    16.00 amu O

    1 (16.00 g) O

    16.00 g O

    \(\mathrm{\dfrac{16.00\: g\: O\: }{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}\) or \(\mathrm{\dfrac{1\: mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}{16.00\: g\: O\: }}\)

    The following example illustrates how we can use the relationships in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\) as conversion factors.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Ethanol

    If a sample consists of 2.5 mol of ethanol (C2H6O), how many moles of carbon atoms does it have?

    Solution
    Solutions to Example 6.5.1
    Steps for Problem Solving If a sample consists of 2.5 mol of ethanol (C2H6O), how many moles of carbon atoms does it have?
    Identify the "given" information and what the problem is asking you to "find."

    Given: 2.5 mol C2H6O
    Find: mol C atoms

    List other known quantities. 1 mol C2H6O = 2 mol C
    Prepare a concept map and use the proper conversion factor. The conversion factor is 2 mol C over 1 mol C2H6O.
    Cancel units and calculate.

    Note how the unit mol C2H6O molecules cancels algebraically.

    \(\mathrm{2.5\: \cancel{mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}\times\dfrac{2\: mol\: C\: atoms}{1\: \cancel{mol\: C_2H_6O\: molecules}}=5.0\: mol\: C\: atoms}\)

    Think about your result. There are twice as many C atoms in one C2H6O molecule, so the final amount should be double.
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    If a sample contains 6.75 mol of Na2SO4, how many moles of sodium atoms, sulfur atoms, and oxygen atoms does it have?

    Answer
    13.5 mol Na atoms, 6.75 mol S atoms, and 27.0 mol O atoms

    The fact that 1 mol equals 6.022 × 1023 items can also be used as a conversion factor.

    Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): Oxygen Mass

    Determine the mass of Oxygen in 75.0g of C2H6O.

    Solution
    Solutions to Example 6.5.2
    Steps for Problem Solving Determine the mass of Oxygen in 75.0g of C2H6O
    Identify the "given" information and what the problem is asking you to "find."

    Given: 75.0g C2H6O
    Find: g O

    List other known quantities.

    1 mol O = 16.0g O

    1 mol C2H6O = 1 mol O

    1 mol C2H6O = 46.07g C2H6O

    Prepare a concept map and use the proper conversion factor.
    The conversion factors are 1 mol C2H6O over 46.07 g C2H6O, 1 mol O over 1 mol C2H6O, and 16.00 g O over 1 mole O.
    Cancel units and calculate. \(\require{cancel}\mathrm{75.0\: \cancel{g\: C_2H_6O}\times\dfrac{1\: \cancel{mol\: C_2H_6O}}{46.07\:\cancel{g\: C_2H_6O}}\times\dfrac{1\: \cancel{mol\:O}}{1\: \cancel{mol\:C_2H_6O}}\times\dfrac{16.00\: g\: O}{1\: \cancel{mol\:O}}=26.0\: g\: O}\)
    Think about your result.  
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
    1. How many molecules are present in 16.02 mol of C4H10? How many C atoms are in 16.02 mol?
    2. How many moles of each type of atom are in 2.58 mol of Na2SO4?
    Answer a:
    9.647 x 1024 C4H10 molecules and 3.859 x 1025 C atoms
    Answer b:
    5.16 mol Na atoms, 2.58 mol S atoms, and 10.3 mol O atoms

    Summary

    In any given formula, the ratio of the number of moles of molecules (or formula units) to the number of moles of atoms can be used as a conversion factor.


    6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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