4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
This chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the quantitative relations between the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions—that is, the reaction stoichiometry .
For Chapter 4 you MUST Know:
- Additional polyatomic ions: nitrite, sulfite, and cyanide.
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Solubility rules for:
- Always Soluble: sodium, potassium, ammonium, nitrate, acetate
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Usually Soluble with exceptions for silver (I) and lead (II)
- chloride, bromide, iodide
- sulfate added exceptions for strontium, and barium
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Usually NOT soluble with exceptions for ammonium and alkali metals
- carbonate
- phosphate
- hydroxides added exceptions for strontium, and barium
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- 4.1: Prelude to Stoichiometry
- This chapter will describe how to symbolize chemical reactions using chemical equations, how to classify some common chemical reactions by identifying patterns of reactivity, and how to determine the quantitative relations between the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions—that is, the reaction stoichiometry.
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- 4.2: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
- Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical and physical changes. Formulas for the substances undergoing the change (reactants) and substances generated by the change (products) are separated by an arrow and preceded by integer coefficients indicating their relative numbers. Balanced equations are those whose coefficients result in equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactants and products.
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- 4.3: Classifying Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions are classified according to similar patterns of behavior. This section will help you to differentiate between the different types of reactions which we commonly see in CHE 101. You will also learn to write balanced equations for single and double replacement reactions.
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- 4.7: Reaction Stoichiometry
- A balanced chemical equation may be used to describe a reaction’s stoichiometry (the relationships between amounts of reactants and products). Coefficients from the equation are used to derive stoichiometric factors that subsequently may be used for computations relating reactant and product masses, molar amounts, and other quantitative properties.
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- 4.8: Reaction Yields
- When reactions are carried out using less-than-stoichiometric quantities of reactants, the amount of product generated will be determined by the limiting reactant. The amount of product generated by a chemical reaction is its actual yield, which is often less than the amount of product predicted by the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation representing the reaction (theoretical yield). The extent to which a reaction generates the theoretical amount is expressed as its percent yield.
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- 4.10: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
- The stoichiometry of chemical reactions may serve as the basis for quantitative chemical analysis methods. Titrations involve measuring the volume of a titrant solution required to completely react with a sample solution. This volume is then used to calculate the concentration of analyte in the sample using the stoichiometry of the titration reaction. Gravimetric analysis involves separating analytes from the sample, determining its mass, and then calculating its concentration.