8: Structure and Synthesis of Alkenes
- Page ID
- 136916
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
- 8.1: Alkene Structure
- Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (i.e., containing only carbon and hydrogen). They are unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
- 8.2: Physical Properties and Important Common Names
- Alkenes are non-polar hydrocarbons with physical properties similar to alkanes. At room temperature, alkenes exist in all three phases, solid, liquids, and gases. The stereochemistry of the geometric isomers (cis/trans) can influence the physical properties.
- 8.3: The Alkene Double Bond and Stereoisomerism
- The two lobes of the pi bond in the alkenes prevent rotation and are responsible for their rigid nature. The lack of rotation creates the potential for geometric isomers (cis/trans).
- 8.4: Degrees of Unsaturation
- Calculating the degrees of unsaturation (DU) can provide useful information about the chemical structure from the molecular formula. The DU indicates the presence of rings and π bonds, but cannot distinguish between them.
- 8.6: Stability of Alkenes
- The energy released during alkene hydrogenation is called the heat of hydrogenation and indicates the relative stability of the double bond in the molecule.
- 8.7: Alkene Synthesis by Elimination of Alkyl Halides
- The alkyl halide elimination reactions (E1 and E2) to synthesize alkenes are briefly reviewed. Refer to chapter 7 sections 13 through 18 for a complete explanation.
- 8.8: Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
- The dehydration reaction of alcohols to generate alkene proceeds by heating the alcohols in the presence of a strong acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid, at high temperatures.
- 8.9: Uses
- Among the most important and most abundant organic chemicals produced worldwide are the two simple alkenes, ethylene and propylene. Thermal cracking is briefly explained.
- 8.10: Additional Exercises
- This section has additional exercises for the key learning objectives of this chapter.
- 8.11: Solutions to Additional Exercises
- This section has the solutions to the additional exercises from the previous section.