2: Structure and Properties of Organic Molecules
- Page ID
- 136806
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
- 2.1: Pearls of Wisdom
- A few "pearls of wisdom" about "sterics" and "electrostatics" to provide context when applying the concepts of general chemistry to organic compounds.
- 2.2: Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory (Review)
- Molecular orbital (MO) theory describes the behavior of electrons in a molecule in terms of combinations of the atomic wavefunctions.
- 2.3: Hybridization and Molecular Shapes (Review)
- Hybridization and the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory effectively predict the three-dimensional structure of organic molecules. Since carbon can only form four bonds, we can limit our study to the tetrahedral, trigonal planar, and linear electron geometries.
- 2.4: 2.4 Conjugated Pi Bond Systems
- A conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons in compounds with alternating single and multiple bonds, which in general may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase stability. Recognizing the conjugated systems is helpful in determining reaction pathways.
- 2.5: Lone Pair Electrons and Bonding Theories
- The chemical reactivity of lone pair electrons can be determined from the identity of the orbital they occupy. This concept will be further refined when we study aromaticity.
- 2.6: Bond Rotation
- Single bonds can rotate, while double and triple bonds are rigid.
- 2.7: Isomerism Introduction
- Structural (constitutional) isomers have the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement among the atoms. Stereoisomers have identical molecular formulas and arrangements of atoms. They differ from each other only in the spatial orientation of groups in the molecule.
- 2.8: Hydrocarbons
- Since we will be spending the rest of the course working with compounds with a carbon backbone, there is no time like the present to learn the homologous series, the names for simple, straight hydrocarbon chains and branches.
- 2.9: Organic Functional Groups
- Functional groups are to organic chemistry what ions are to general chemistry. We simply must be able to recognize and distinguish between functional grouops to learn organic chemistry.
- 2.10: Intermolecular Forces (IMFs) - Review
- Intermolecular forces (IMFs) have many useful applications in organic chemistry. For students interested in biochemistry, the concepts of IMFs are called non-covalent interactions when they occur within a large biological molecule creating secondary and tertiary structure.
- 2.11: Intermolecular Forces
- The relative strength of the intermolecular forces (IMFs) can be used to predict the relative boiling points of pure substances.
- 2.12: Intermolecular Forces
- Organic chemistry can perform reactions in non-aqueous solutions using organic solvents. It is important to start considering the solvent as a reaction parameter and the solubility of each reagent.
- 2.14: Organic Functional Groups: H-bond donors
- When evaluating organic compounds, we want to visualize the compounds in their three-dimensional shapes exerting intermolecular forces on their environment. Because reactions will occur in aqueous and non-aqueous (organic) solutions, it is important to recognize which functional groups are both H-bond donors and H-bond acceptors and which groups are only H-bond acceptors.
- 2.15: Additional Exercises
- This section has additional exercises for the key learning objectives of this chapter.
- 2.16: 2.15 Solutions to Additional Exercises
- This section has the solutions to the exercises in the previous section.