2.E: Exercises

Last updated
Save as PDF

Page ID: 465647

\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)

\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)

\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)

\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)

\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)

\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)

\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)

\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)

\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)

\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)

\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)

\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)

\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)

\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)

\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)

\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)

\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)

\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)

\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)

\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)

\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)

\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)

\(\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left| #1 \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left< #1 \right|}\)
\(\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2} \right| \left. #2 \vphantom{#1} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\braopket}[3]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2}\vphantom{#3} \right| #2 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#3} \left| #3 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#2} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\qmvec}[1]{\mathbf{\vec{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\op}[1]{\hat{\mathbf{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\expect}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}\)
\(\newcommand{\dfn}[1]{\emph{\textbf{#1}}}\)

\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)

Multiple-Choice Questions

Which of the following has a positive charge?

a. A proton

b. An electron

c. A neutron

d. A hydrogen atom

2. Which of the following is the mass number for ⁷⁹Br?

a. 35

b. 44

c. 79

d. 79.904

3. How many electrons are present in Mg²⁺?

a. 10

b. 12

c. 14

d. 24

4. Which of the following is the correct set of protons, neutrons, and electrons for ¹¹³Cd²⁺?

a. 48, 65, 48

b. 48, 65, 50

c. 48, 65, 46

d. 50, 65, 48

5. Which of the following is the correct chemical symbol for copper?

a. C

b. Co

c. Cr

d. Cu

6. Select the correct atomic symbol for an isotope of nitrogen with 8 neutrons.

a. ⁷N

b. ⁸N

c. ¹⁴N

d. ¹⁵N

7. The average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.4527 amu. There are two stable isotopes of chlorine: ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl. Given this information, which of the statements below is true?

a. The fractional abundance of ³⁵Cl is greater than that of ³⁷Cl.

b. The fractional abundance of ³⁷Cl is greater than that of ³⁵Cl.

c. The fractional abundances of ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl are equal.

d. The relative fractional abundances of ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl cannot be determined from this information.

8. How many valence electrons does an atom of phosphorus have?

a. 3

b. 5

c. 8

d. 15

9. To achieve an octet in its valence shell, sulfur must …

a. gain one electron

b. lose one electron

c. gain two electrons

d. lose two electrons

10. Based on your knowledge of the periodic variation in atomic size, which of the following correctly orders the elements in terms of decreasing atomic radius?

a. B, N, F

b. F, N, B

c. Li, K, Cs

d. K, Li, Cs

Warm-up Problems

1. Provide the name of the element associated with each of the following chemical symbols.

a. K

b. C

c. Ba

d. Al

2. Provide the chemical symbol for each of the following elements.

a. sodium

b. calcium

c. selenium

d. neon

3. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are present in a ³¹P³⁻ ion?

4. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are present in a ⁷Li⁺ ion?

5. Write the chemical symbol for the ion that has 16 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons.

6. Write the chemical symbol for the ion that has 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons.

7. How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have?

8. How many valence electrons does a chlorine atom have?

9. For each pair of elements, select the element with a larger atomic radius.

a. Na, Mg

b. F, Cl

c. P, O

10. For each pair of elements, select the element with a larger ionization energy.

a. Na, Mg

b. F, Cl

c. P, O

11. Order the following elements in terms of decreasing atomic radius: krypton, arsenic, phosphorus, chlorine.

12. Order the following elements in terms of increasing metallic character: fluorine, lithium, cesium, bromine.

Problems

The average atomic mass of iridium is 192.217 amu. This element has two stable isotopes: ¹⁹¹Ir and ¹⁹³Ir. Based on the average atomic mass, explain which isotope has a larger fractional abundance.

2. The element potassium has an average atomic mass of 39.0983 amu. This element has three stable isotopes: K-39, K-40, and K-41.

a. Which of these isotopes has 21 neutrons?

b. Which of these isotopes has the largest fractional abundance? Explain your answer.

c. A single atom of potassium will never have a mass of 39.0983 amu. Explain why this is the case.

3. Which halogen is located in the same period as lithium?

4. Which alkaline earth metal is in the same period as silicon?

5. Is the ionization energy of chlorine larger or smaller than that of fluorine? Explain your answer.

6. Is the ionization energy of chlorine larger or smaller than that of silicon? Explain your answer.

7. Match the spheres shown in the image below with the elements: beryllium, carbon, oxygen.

Image Ques 7 Chapter 2.png

8. Match the spheres shown in the image below with the elements: chlorine, bromine, iodine.

Image Ques 8 Chapter 2.png

9. The elements phosphorus and oxygen are both classified as nonmetals. Which of these elements is considered more metallic? Explain your answer.

10. The elements rubidium and sodium are both classified as metals. Which of these elements is considered less metallic? Explain your answer.

Challenge Problem

1. When forming ionic bonds, atoms generally either donate or accept electrons in order to achieve a stable valence electron configuration. Explain whether fluorine is likely to donate or accept electrons when forming an ionic bond based on your knowledge of the octet rule and periodic trends.

Health-related Problems

Radioactive elements are used in medical imaging. For example, technetium-99 is made from molybdenum-99 and then used before it decays. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in technecium-99? Assume it has no charge.
Radioactive elements are used in medical imaging. For example, technetium-99 is made from molybdenum-99 and then used before it decays. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in molybdenum-99? Assume it has no charge.
One common ion inside the body is Mg²⁺, the most stable form of magnesium under biological conditions. What group is this element in?
One common ion inside the body is Ca²⁺, the most stable form of calcium under biological conditions. What group is this element in?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans use a radioactive tracer for imaging. Fluorine-18 is a radioactive isotope used in some PET scans. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it have if the element has a –1 charge?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans use a radioactive tracer for imaging. Carbon-11 is a radioactive isotope used in some PET scans. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does it have if the element has a -2 charge?

Search

Text Color

Text Size

Margin Size

Font Type