6: Beyond Beer's Law- Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis
- Page ID
- 556132
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 6.1: Overview of Spectroscopy
- This chapter explores the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, particularly in the context of spectroscopy. It covers the principles of spectroscopy using ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation. The chapter explains the wave and particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, highlighting its fundamental properties and explaining how matter absorbs or emits photons.
- 6.2: Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
- The page explains the principles and applications of absorption spectroscopy. It describes how electromagnetic radiation passes through a sample, and selective absorption at certain wavelengths leads to attenuation, essential for identifying various molecular and atomic transitions. The page covers the requirements for an analyte's absorption, mechanisms involved, differences in infrared and UV/Vis spectra, and factors influencing spectral characteristics.
- 6.3: UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy
- The page discusses the evolution of color matching in spectroscopy, detailing the transition from Nessler's original method to modern photoelectric and infrared methods in the 1930s and 1940s. It then describes different instrument designs for molecular absorption spectroscopy, including filter photometers, single-beam and double-beam spectrophotometers, and diode array spectrometers, highlighting their features and limitations.
- 6.4: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
- The page provides an in-depth overview of atomic absorption spectroscopy, detailing its historical development, instrumentation, and methods of analysis. It covers processes such as atomization, including flame and electrothermal atomization, and discusses the advantages and limitations of each method. The page also elaborates on procedures for sample preparation, identifying and correcting interferences, and choosing appropriate wavelengths and slit widths for accurate measurements.
- 6.5: Photoluminescent Spectroscopy
- This page provides an in-depth explanation of photoluminescence, dividing it into two categories: fluorescence and phosphorescence. It describes the processes, mechanisms, and factors influencing both types, including radiative and non-radiative deactivation pathways. The page discusses the technological advancements in fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy, related instrumentation, and depicts their quantitative applications for analyzing inorganic and organic analytes.
- 6.6: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
- This page discusses atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a method for analyzing elements by recording the light emitted from excited atoms. The historical development of AES is highlighted, with applications evolving from flame and spark techniques to plasma sources. AES is suitable for multielemental analysis and involves equipment like atomic emission spectrometers using flames or plasmas.