10.12: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials

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Half-Reaction	E° (V)
${\text{Ag}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }\rightarrow\text{ Ag}$	+0.7996
${\text{AgCl + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ag + Cl}}^{-}$	+0.22233
${\left[\text{Ag}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{2}}\right]}^{-}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ag +}{\text{ 2CN}}^{-}$	–0.31
${\text{Ag}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CrO}}_{\text{4}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2Ag + CrO}}_{\text{4}}{}^{2-}$	+0.45
${\left[\text{Ag}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}\right]}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ag + 2NH}}_{\text{3}}$	+0.373
${\left[\text{Ag}{\left({\text{S}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}\right]}^{3+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ag + 2S}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}{}^{2-}$	+0.017
${\left[{\text{AlF}}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{3-}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Al + 6F}}^{-}$	–2.07
${\text{Al}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Al}$	–1.662
${\text{Am}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Am}$	–2.048
${\text{Au}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Au}$	+1.498
${\text{Au}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Au}$	+1.692
${\text{Ba}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ba}$	–2.912
${\text{Be}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Be}$	–1.847
${\text{Br}}_{\text{2}}\left(aq\right){+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2Br}}^{-}$	+1.0873
${\text{Ca}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ca}$	–2.868
${\text{Ce}}^{\text{3}}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ce}$	–2.483
${\text{Ce}}^{\text{4+}}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ce}}^{3+}$	+1.61
${\text{Cd}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cd}$	–0.4030
${\left[\text{Cd}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cd + 4CN}}^{-}$	–1.09
${\left[\text{Cd}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cd + 4NH}}_{\text{3}}$	–0.61
${\text{CdS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cd + }{\text{S}}^{2-}$	–1.17
${\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2Cl}}^{-}$	+1.35827
${\text{ClO}}_{4}{}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ ClO}}_{\text{3}}^{-}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.36
${\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O +}{\text{ 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ ClO}}_{\text{2}}^{-}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.33
${\text{ClO}}_{2}{}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}{\text{ ClO}}^{-}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.66
${\text{ClO}}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O +}{\text{ 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cl}}^{-}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.89
${\text{ClO}}_{4}{}^{-}+2{\text{H}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}{\text{ ClO}}_{\text{3}}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$	+1.189
${\text{ClO}}_{3}{}^{-}+3{\text{H}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ HClO}}_{\text{2}}\text{ +}{\text{ H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O}$	+1.21
$\text{HClO}+{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Cl}}^{-}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.482
$\text{HClO}+{\text{H}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\frac{1}{2}{\text{Cl}}_{2}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.611
${\text{HClO}}_{\text{2}}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{HClO}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.628
${\text{Co}}^{3+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Co}}^{+}\text{ }\left({\text{2 mol // H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}\right)$	+1.83
${\text{Co}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Co}$	–0.28
${\left[\text{Co}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{3+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ }{\left[\text{Co}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{+}$	+0.1
$\text{Co}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Co}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + OH}}^{-}$	+0.17
${\text{Cr}}^{\text{3}}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cr}$	–0.744
${\text{Cr}}^{3+}\text{ + }{\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cr}}^{+}$	–0.407
${\text{Cr}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cr}$	–0.913
${\left[\text{Cu}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{2}}\right]}^{-}{\text{ + e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}\text{ Cu +}{\text{ 2CN}}^{-}$	–0.43
${\text{CrO}}_{4}{}^{2-}{\text{ + 4H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 3e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cr(OH)}}_{\text{3}}{\text{ + 5OH}}^{-}$	–0.13
${\text{Cr}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}{}^{2-}+14{\text{H}}^{+}+6{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow 2{\text{Cr}}^{3+}+7{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.232
${\left[\text{Cr}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{-}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cr + 4OH}}^{-}$	–1.2
$\text{Cr}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{3}}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cr + 3OH}}^{-}$	–1.48
${\text{Cu}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Cu}}^{+}$	+0.153
${\text{Cu}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cu}$	+0.34
${\text{Cu}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Cu}$	+0.521
${\text{F}}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2F}}^{-}$	+2.866
${\text{Fe}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Fe}$	–0.447
${\text{Fe}}^{3+}\text{ +}{\text{ e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Fe}}^{+}$	+0.771
${\left[\text{Fe}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{\text{3- }}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ }{\left[\text{Fe}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{\text{4-}}$	+0.36
$\text{Fe}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Fe + 2OH}}^{-}$	–0.88
${\text{FeS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Fe + S}}^{2-}$	–1.01
${\text{Ga}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ga}$	–0.549
${\text{Gd}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Gd}$	–2.279
$\frac{\text{1}}{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ H}}^{-}$	–2.23
${\text{2H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	–0.8277
${\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow 2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.776
$2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}$	0.00
${\text{HO}}_{2}{}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 3OH}}^{-}$	+0.878
${\text{Hf}}^{\text{4+}}{+4\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Hf}$	–1.55
${\text{Hg}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Hg}$	+0.851
${\text{2Hg}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Hg}}_{\text{2}}^{+}$	+0.92
${\text{Hg}}_{2}{}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ 2Hg}$	+0.7973
${\left[{\text{HgBr}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Hg + 4Br}}^{-}$	+0.21
${\text{Hg}}_{\text{2}}{\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2Hg + 2Cl}}^{-}$	+0.26808
${\left[\text{Hg}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Hg + 4CN}}^{-}$	–0.37
${\left[{\text{HgI}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}\text{ Hg + }{\text{4I}}^{-}$	–0.04
${\text{HgS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Hg + S}}^{2-}$	–0.70
${\text{I}}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 2I}}^{-}$	+0.5355
${\text{In}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ In}$	–0.3382
${\text{K}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ K}$	–2.931
${\text{La}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ La}$	–2.52
${\text{Li}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Li}$	–3.04
${\text{Lu}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Lu}$	–2.28
${\text{Mg}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Mg}$	–2.372
${\text{Mn}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Mn}$	–1.185
${\text{MnO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Mn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	–0.05
${\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}{\text{ + 2H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 3e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ MnO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 4OH}}^{-}$	+0.558
${\text{MnO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Mn}}^{2+}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.23
${\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}+8{\text{H}}^{+}+5{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Mn}}^{2+}+4{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.507
${\text{Na}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Na}$	–2.71
${\text{Nd}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Nd}$	–2.323
${\text{Ni}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ni}$	–0.257
${\left[\text{Ni}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ni + 6NH}}_{\text{3}}$	–0.49
${\text{NiO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{Ni}}^{2+}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.593
${\text{NiO}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ni}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.49
${\text{NiS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Ni + S}}^{2-}$	+0.76
${\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{NO}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+0.957
${\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}+3{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{HNO}}_{\text{2}}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+0.92
${\text{NO}}_{3}{}^{-}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ NO}}_{\text{2}}^{-}{\text{ + 2OH}}^{-}$	+0.10
${\text{Np}}^{\text{3}}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Np}$	–1.856
${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ + 2H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O + }{\text{4e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ 4OH}}^{-}$	+0.401
${\text{O}}_{2}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{2}$	+0.695
${\text{O}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow 2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.229
${\text{Pb}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Pb}$	–0.1262
${\text{PbO}}_{2}+{\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{PbSO}}_{4}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+1.69
${\text{PbS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Pb +}{\text{ S}}^{2-}$	–0.95
${\text{PbSO}}_{\text{4}}\text{ +}{\text{ 2e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}{\text{ Pb + SO}}_{\text{4}}^{2-}$	–0.3505
${\text{Pd}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Pd}$	+0.987
${\left[{\text{PdCl}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}\text{ Pd +}{\text{ 4Cl}}^{-}$	+0.591
${\text{Pt}}^{+}\text{ +}{\text{ 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Pt }$	+1.20
${\left[{\text{PtBr}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Pt + 4Br}}^{-}$	+0.58
${\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Pt + 4Cl}}^{-}$	+0.755
${\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ }{\left[{\text{PtCl}}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{\text{ + 2Cl}}^{-}$	+0.68
${\text{Pu}}^{\text{3}}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Pu}$	–2.03
${\text{Ra}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ra}$	–2.92
${\text{Rb}}^{+}{\text{ + e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Rb}$	–2.98
${\left[{\text{RhCl}}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{3-}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Rh + 6Cl}}^{-}$	+0.44
${\text{S + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ S}}^{2-}$	–0.47627
$\text{S}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}\text{S}$	+0.142
${\text{Sc}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Sc}$	–2.09
$\text{Se}+2{\text{H}}^{+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow{\text{H}}_{2}\text{Se}$	–0.399
${\left[{\text{SiF}}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{2-}{+4\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Si + 6F}}^{-}$	–1.2
${\text{SiO}}_{3}{}^{2-}\text{ +}{\text{ 3H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O + 4e}}^{-}{\rightarrow}{\text{ Si + 6OH}}^{-}$	–1.697
${\text{SiO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{Si}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	–0.86
${\text{Sm}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Sm}$	–2.304
${\text{Sn}}^{\text{4+}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Sn}}^{+}$	+0.151
${\text{Sn}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Sn}$	–0.1375
${\left[{\text{SnF}}_{\text{6}}\right]}^{2-}{+4\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Sn + 6F}}^{-}$	–0.25
${\text{SnS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Sn + S}}^{2-}$	–0.94
${\text{Sr}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Sr}$	–2.89
${\text{TeO}}_{2}+4{\text{H}}^{+}+4{\text{e}}^{-}\rightarrow\text{Te}+2{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}$	+0.593
${\text{Th}}^{\text{4+}}{+4\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Th}$	–1.90
${\text{Ti}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Ti}$	–1.630
${\text{U}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ U}$	–1.79
${\text{V}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ V }$	–1.19
${\text{Y}}^{3+}{+3\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Y}$	–2.37
${\text{Zn}}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Zn}$	–0.7618
${\left[\text{Zn}{\left(\text{CN}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{2-}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Zn + 4CN}}^{-}$	–1.26
${\left[\text{Zn}{\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{+}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Zn + 4NH}}_{\text{3}}$	–1.04
$\text{Zn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Zn + 2OH}}^{-}$	–1.245
${\left[\text{Zn}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{\text{4}}\right]}^{\text{2}}{+2\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}{\text{ Zn + 4OH}}^{-}$	–1.199
${\text{ZnS + 2e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Zn + }{\text{S}}^{2-}$	–1.40
${\text{Zr}}^{\text{4}}{+4\text{e}}^{-}\text{ }{\rightarrow}\text{ Zr}$	–1.539