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4.E: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Exercises)

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    13.1: Chemical Equilibria Exercises

    Q13.1.1

    What does it mean to describe a reaction as “reversible”?

    S13.1.1

    The reaction can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions.

    Q13.1.2

    When writing an equation, how is a reversible reaction distinguished from a nonreversible reaction?

    Q13.1.3

    If a reaction is reversible, when can it be said to have reached equilibrium?

    S13.1.3

    When a system has reached equilibrium, no further changes in the reactant and product concentrations occur; the reactions continue to occur, but at equivalent rates.

    Q13.1.4

    Is a system at equilibrium if the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions are equal?

    Q13.1.5

    If the concentrations of products and reactants are equal, is the system at equilibrium?

    S13.1.5

    The concept of equilibrium does not imply equal concentrations, though it is possible.

    13.2: Equilibrium Constant Exercises

    Q13.2.1

    Explain why there may be an infinite number of values for the reaction quotient of a reaction at a given temperature but there can be only one value for the equilibrium constant at that temperature.

    Q13.2.2

    Explain why an equilibrium between Br2(l) and Br2(g) would not be established if the container were not a closed vessel shown below:

    CNX_Chem_13_01_bromine.jpg

    S13.2.2

    Equilibrium cannot be established between the liquid and the gas phase if the top is removed from the bottle because the system is not closed; one of the components of the equilibrium, the Br2 vapor, would escape from the bottle until all liquid disappeared. Thus, more liquid would evaporate than can condense back from the gas phase to the liquid phase.

    Q13.2.3

    If you observe the following reaction at equilibrium, is it possible to tell whether the reaction started with pure NO2 or with pure N2O4?

    \[\ce{2NO2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{N2O4}(g)\]

    Q13.2.4

    Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: All chlorides are soluble except Hg2Cl2, AgCl, PbCl2, and CuCl.

    Q13.2.5

    1. (a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction represented by the equation \(\ce{AgCl}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{Ag+}(aq)+\ce{Cl-}(aq)\). Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1? Explain your answer.
    2. (b) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction represented by the equation \(\ce{Pb^2+}(aq)+\ce{2Cl-}(aq) \rightleftharpoons \ce{PbCl2}(s)\). Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1? Explain your answer.

    S13.2.5

    (a) Kc = [Ag+][Cl] < 1. AgCl is insoluble; thus, the concentrations of ions are much less than 1 M; (b) \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{1}{[Pb^2+][Cl- ]^2}}\) > 1 because PbCl2 is insoluble and formation of the solid will reduce the concentration of ions to a low level (<1 M).

    Q13.2.6

    Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: Carbonates, phosphates, borates, and arsenates—except those of the ammonium ion and the alkali metals—are insoluble.

    1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction represented by the equation \(\ce{CaCO3}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{Ca^2+}(aq)+\ce{CO3-}(aq)\). Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1? Explain your answer.
    2. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction represented by the equation \(\ce{3Ba^2+}(aq)+\ce{2PO4^3-}(aq) \rightleftharpoons \ce{Ba3(PO4)2}(s)\). Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1? Explain your answer.

    Q13.2.7

    Benzene is one of the compounds used as octane enhancers in unleaded gasoline. It is manufactured by the catalytic conversion of acetylene to benzene: \(\ce{3C2H2}(g)⟶\ce{C6H6}(g)\). Which value of Kc would make this reaction most useful commercially? Kc ≈ 0.01, Kc ≈ 1, or Kc ≈ 10. Explain your answer.

    S13.2.7

    Since \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{[C6H6]}{[C2H2]^3}}\), a value of Kc ≈ 10 means that C6H6 predominates over C2H2. In such a case, the reaction would be commercially feasible if the rate to equilibrium is suitable.

    Q13.2.8

    Show that the complete chemical equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for the reaction represented by the equation \(\ce{KI}(aq)+\ce{I2}(aq) \rightleftharpoons \ce{KI3}(aq)\) give the same expression for the reaction quotient. KI3 is composed of the ions K+ and I3.

    Q13.2.9

    For a titration to be effective, the reaction must be rapid and the yield of the reaction must essentially be 100%. Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1 for a titration reaction?

    S13.2.9

    Kc > 1

    Q13.2.10

    For a precipitation reaction to be useful in a gravimetric analysis, the product of the reaction must be insoluble. Is Kc > 1, < 1, or ≈ 1 for a useful precipitation reaction?

    Q13.2.11

    Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, Qc, for each of the following reactions:

    1. \(\ce{CH4}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{CH3Cl}(g)+\ce{HCl}(g)\)
    2. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NO}(g)\)
    3. \(\ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO3}(g)\)
    4. \(\ce{BaSO3}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{BaO}(s)+\ce{SO2}(g)\)
    5. \(\ce{P4}(g)+\ce{5O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{P4O10}(s)\)
    6. \(\ce{Br2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2Br}(g)\)
    7. \(\ce{CH4}(g)+\ce{2O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{CO2}(g)+\ce{2H2O}(l)\)
    8. \(\ce{CuSO4⋅5H2O}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{CuSO4}(s)+\ce{5H2O}(g)\)

    S13.2.11

    (a) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[CH3Cl][HCl]}{[CH4][Cl2]}}\); (b) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[NO]^2}{[N2][O2]}}\); (c) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[SO3]^2}{[SO2]^2[O2]}}\); (d) \(Q_c\) = [SO2]; (e) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{1}{[P4][O2]^5}}\); (f) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[Br]^2}{[Br2]}}\); (g) \(Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[CO2]}{[CH4][O2]^2}}\); (h) \(Q_c\) = [H2O]5

    Q13.2.12

    Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, Qc, for each of the following reactions:

    1. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NH3}(g)\)
    2. \(\ce{4NH3}(g)+\ce{5O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{4NO}(g)+\ce{6H2O}(g)\)
    3. \(\ce{N2O4}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NO2}(g)\)
    4. \(\ce{CO2}(g)+\ce{H2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{CO}(g)+\ce{H2O}(g)\)
    5. \(\ce{NH4Cl}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{NH3}(g)+\ce{HCl}(g)\)
    6. \(\ce{2Pb(NO3)2}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2PbO}(s)+\ce{4NO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\)
    7. \(\ce{2H2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2H2O}(l)\)
    8. \(\ce{S8}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{8S}(g)\)

    S13.2.12

    The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the following systems. Calculate the reaction quotient and determine the direction in which each system will proceed to reach equilibrium.

    1. \(\ce{2NH3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=17\); [NH3] = 0.20 M, [N2] = 1.00 M, [H2] = 1.00 M
    2. \(\ce{2NH3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=6.8×10^4\); initial pressures: NH3 = 3.0 atm, N2 = 2.0 atm, H2 = 1.0 atm
    3. \(\ce{2SO3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=0.230\); [SO3] = 0.00 M, [SO2] = 1.00 M, [O2] = 1.00 M
    4. \(\ce{2SO3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=16.5\); initial pressures: SO3 = 1.00 atm, SO2 = 1.00 atm, O2 = 1.00 atm
    5. \(\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NOCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=4.6×10^4\); [NO] = 1.00 M, [Cl2] = 1.00 M, [NOCl] = 0 M
    6. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NO}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=0.050\); initial pressures: NO = 10.0 atm, N2 = O2 = 5 atm

    S13.2.13

    (a) \(Q_c\) 25 proceeds left; (b) QP 0.22 proceeds right; (c) \(Q_c\) undefined proceeds left; (d) QP 1.00 proceeds right; (e) QP 0 proceeds right; (f) \(Q_c\) 4 proceeds left

    Q13.2.14

    The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the following systems. Calculate the reaction quotient and determine the direction in which each system will proceed to reach equilibrium.

    1. \(\ce{2NH3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=17\); [NH3] = 0.50 M, [N2] = 0.15 M, [H2] = 0.12 M
    2. \(\ce{2NH3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=6.8×10^4\); initial pressures: NH3 = 2.00 atm, N2 = 10.00 atm, H2 = 10.00 atm
    3. \(\ce{2SO3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=0.230\); [SO3] = 2.00 M, [SO2] = 2.00 M, [O2] = 2.00 M
    4. \(\ce{2SO3}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\mathrm{6.5\:atm}\); initial pressures: SO2 = 1.00 atm, O2 = 1.130 atm, SO3 = 0 atm
    5. \(\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NOCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=2.5×10^3\); initial pressures: NO = 1.00 atm, Cl2 = 1.00 atm, NOCl = 0 atm
    6. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NO}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=0.050\); [N2] = 0.100 M, [O2] = 0.200 M, [NO] = 1.00 M

    Q13.2.15

    The following reaction has KP = 4.50 × 10−5 at 720 K.

    \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NH3}(g)\]

    If a reaction vessel is filled with each gas to the partial pressures listed, in which direction will it shift to reach equilibrium? P(NH3) = 93 atm, P(N2) = 48 atm, and P(H2) = 52

    S13.2.15

    The system will shift toward the reactants to reach equilibrium.

    Q13.2.16

    Determine if the following system is at equilibrium. If not, in which direction will the system need to shift to reach equilibrium?

    \(\ce{SO2Cl2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{SO2}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g)\)

    [SO2Cl2] = 0.12 M, [Cl2] = 0.16 M and [SO2] = 0.050 M. Kc for the reaction is 0.078.

    Q13.2.17

    Which of the systems described in Exercise give homogeneous equilibria? Which give heterogeneous equilibria?

    S13.2.17

    (a) homogenous; (b) homogenous; (c) homogenous; (d) heterogeneous; (e) heterogeneous; (f) homogenous; (g) heterogeneous; (h) heterogeneous

    Q13.2.18

    Which of the systems described in Exercise give homogeneous equilibria? Which give heterogeneous equilibria?

    Q13.2.19

    For which of the reactions in Exercise does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal KP (calculated using pressures)?

    S13.2.19

    This situation occurs in (a) and (b).

    Q13.2.19

    For which of the reactions in Exercise does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal KP (calculated using pressures)?

    Q13.2.20

    Convert the values of Kc to values of KP or the values of KP to values of Kc.

    1. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2NH3}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{0.50 at 400°C}\)
    2. \(\ce{H2 + I2 \rightleftharpoons 2HI} \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{50.2 at 448°C}\)
    3. \(\ce{Na2SO4⋅10H2O}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{Na2SO4}(s)+\ce{10H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=4.08×10^{−25}\textrm{ at 25°C}\)
    4. \(\ce{H2O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \ce{H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\textrm{0.122 at 50°C}\)

    S13.2.20

    (a) KP = 1.6 × 10−4; (b) KP = 50.2; (c) Kc = 5.31 × 10−39; (d) Kc = 4.60 × 10−3

    Q13.2.21

    Convert the values of Kc to values of KP or the values of KP to values of Kc.

    1. \(\ce{Cl2}(g)+\ce{Br2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2BrCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=4.7×10^{−2}\textrm{ at 25°C}\)
    2. \(\ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \rightleftharpoons \ce{2SO3}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\textrm{48.2 at 500°C}\)
    3. \(\ce{CaCl2⋅6H2O}(s) \rightleftharpoons \ce{CaCl2}(s)+\ce{6H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=5.09×10^{−44}\textrm{ at 25°C}\)
    4. \(\ce{H2O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \ce{H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\textrm{0.196 at 60°C}\)

    Q13.2.22

    What is the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the change \(\ce{H2O}(l) \rightleftharpoons \ce{H2O}(g)\) at 30 °C?

    S13.2.22

    \[K_P=P_{\ce{H2O}}=0.042.\]

    Q13.2.23

    Write the expression of the reaction quotient for the ionization of HOCN in water.

    Q13.2.24

    Write the reaction quotient expression for the ionization of NH3 in water.

    S13.2.24

    \[Q_c=\ce{\dfrac{[NH4+][OH- ]}{[HN3]}}\]

    Q13.2.25

    What is the approximate value of the equilibrium constant KP for the change \(\ce{C2H5OC2H5}(l) \rightleftharpoons \ce{C2H5OC2H5}(g)\) at 25 °C. (Vapor pressure was described in the previous chapter on liquids and solids; refer back to this chapter to find the relevant information needed to solve this problem.)

    13.3: Shifting Equilbria Exercises

    Q13.3.1

    The following equation represents a reversible decomposition:

    \(\ce{CaCO3}(s)\rightleftharpoons\ce{CaO}(s)+\ce{CO2}(g)\)

    Under what conditions will decomposition in a closed container proceed to completion so that no CaCO3 remains?

    S13.3.1

    The amount of CaCO3 must be so small that \(P_{\ce{CO2}}\) is less than KP when the CaCO3 has completely decomposed. In other words, the starting amount of CaCO3 cannot completely generate the full \(P_{\ce{CO2}}\) required for equilibrium.

    Q13.3.2

    Explain how to recognize the conditions under which changes in pressure would affect systems at equilibrium.

    Q13.3.3

    What property of a reaction can we use to predict the effect of a change in temperature on the value of an equilibrium constant?

    S13.3.3

    The change in enthalpy may be used. If the reaction is exothermic, the heat produced can be thought of as a product. If the reaction is endothermic the heat added can be thought of as a reactant. Additional heat would shift an exothermic reaction back to the reactants but would shift an endothermic reaction to the products. Cooling an exothermic reaction causes the reaction to shift toward the product side; cooling an endothermic reaction would cause it to shift to the reactants' side.

    Q13.3.4

    What would happen to the color of the solution in part (b) of Figure if a small amount of NaOH were added and Fe(OH)3 precipitated? Explain your answer.

    Q13.3.5

    The following reaction occurs when a burner on a gas stove is lit:

    \(\ce{CH4}(g)+\ce{2O2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{CO2}(g)+\ce{2H2O}(g)\)

    Is an equilibrium among CH4, O2, CO2, and H2O established under these conditions? Explain your answer.

    S13.3.5

    No, it is not at equilibrium. Because the system is not confined, products continuously escape from the region of the flame; reactants are also added continuously from the burner and surrounding atmosphere.

    Q13.3.6

    A necessary step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the formation of sulfur trioxide, SO3, from sulfur dioxide, SO2, and oxygen, O2, shown here. At high temperatures, the rate of formation of \(\ce{SO3 }\)is higher, but the equilibrium amount (concentration or partial pressure) of SO3 is lower than it would be at lower temperatures.

    \[\ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)⟶\ce{2SO3}(g)\]

    1. (a) Does the equilibrium constant for the reaction increase, decrease, or remain about the same as the temperature increases?
    2. (b) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

    Q13.3.7a

    Suggest four ways in which the concentration of hydrazine, N2H4, could be increased in an equilibrium described by the following equation:

    \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{2H2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{N2H4}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\ce{95\:kJ}\]

    S13.3.7a

    Add N2; add H2; decrease the container volume; heat the mixture.

    Q13.3.7b

    Suggest four ways in which the concentration of PH3 could be increased in an equilibrium described by the following equation:

    \[\ce{P4}(g)+\ce{6H2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{4PH3}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{110.5\:kJ}\]

    Q13.3.8

    How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in the volume of the reaction vessel affect each?

    1. \(\ce{2NH3}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{92\:kJ}\)
    2. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2NO}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{181\:kJ}\)
    3. \(\ce{2O3}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{3O2}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{−285\:kJ}\)
    4. \(\ce{CaO}(s)+\ce{CO2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{CaCO3}(s) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{-176\:kJ}\)

    S13.3.8

    (a) ΔT increase = shift right, ΔP increase = shift left; (b) ΔT increase = shift right, ΔP increase = no effect; (c) ΔT increase = shift left, ΔP increase = shift left; (d) ΔT increase = shift left, ΔP increase = shift right.

    Q13.3.9

    How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in the volume of the reaction vessel affect each?

    1. \(\ce{2H2O}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2H2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\ce{484\:kJ}\)
    2. \(\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2NH3}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{-92.2\:kJ}\)
    3. \(\ce{2Br}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{Br2}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{-224\:kJ}\)
    4. \(\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{I2}(s)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2HI}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\ce{53\:kJ}\)

    Q13.3.10

    Water gas is a 1:1 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas and is called water gas because it is formed from steam and hot carbon in the following reaction:

    \[\ce{H2O}(g)+\ce{C}(s)\rightleftharpoons\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{CO}(g).\]

    Methanol, a liquid fuel that could possibly replace gasoline, can be prepared from water gas and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a suitable catalyst.

    1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (\(K_c\)) for the reversible reaction \[\ce{2H2}(g)+\ce{CO}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{CH3OH}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{-90.2\:kJ}\]
    2. What will happen to the concentrations of \(\ce{H2}\), \(\ce{CO}\), and \(\ce{CH3OH}\) at equilibrium if more H2 is added?
    3. What will happen to the concentrations of H\(\ce{H2}\), \(\ce{CO}\), and \(\ce{CH3OH}\) at equilibrium if CO is removed?
    4. What will happen to the concentrations of \(\ce{H2}\), \(\ce{CO}\), and \(\ce{CH3OH}\) at equilibrium if CH3OH is added?
    5. What will happen to the concentrations of H\(\ce{H2}\), \(\ce{CO}\), and \(\ce{CH3OH}\) at equilibrium if the temperature of the system is increased?
    6. What will happen to the concentrations of \(\ce{H2}\), \(\ce{CO}\), and \(\ce{CH3OH}\) at equilibrium if more catalyst is added?

    S13.3.10

    1. \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{[CH3OH]}{[H2]^2[CO]}}\);
    2. [H2] increases, [CO] decreases, [CH3OH] increases;
    3. [H2] increases, [CO] decreases, [CH3OH] decreases;
    4. [H2] increases, [CO] increases, [CH3OH] increases;
    5. [H2] increases, [CO] increases, [CH3OH] decreases;
    6. no changes.

    Q13.3.11

    Nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures.

    1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reversible reaction \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2NO}(g)\hspace{20px}ΔH=\ce{181\:kJ}\]
    2. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if more O2 is added?
    3. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if N2 is removed?
    4. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if NO is added?
    5. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if the pressure on the system is increased by reducing the volume of the reaction vessel?
    6. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if the temperature of the system is increased?
    7. What will happen to the concentrations of N2, O2, and NO at equilibrium if a catalyst is added?

    Q13.3.12

    Water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, is an important industrial fuel produced by the reaction of steam with red hot coke, essentially pure carbon.

    1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction \[\ce{C}(s)+\ce{H2O}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{CO}(g)+\ce{H2}(g)\hspace{20px}ΔH=\mathrm{131.30\:kJ}\]
    2. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if more C is added?
    3. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if H2O is removed?
    4. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if CO is added?
    5. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if the temperature of the system is increased?

    S13.3.12

    (a) \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{[CO][H2]}{[H2O]}}\); (b) [H2O] no change, [CO] no change, [H2] no change; (c) [H2O] decreases, [CO] decreases, [H2] decreases; (d) [H2O] increases, [CO] increases, [H2] decreases; (f) [H2O] decreases, [CO] increases, [H2] increases. In (b), (c), (d), and (e), the mass of carbon will change, but its concentration (activity) will not change.

    Q13.3.13

    Pure iron metal can be produced by the reduction of iron(III) oxide with hydrogen gas.

    1. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) for the reversible reaction \[\ce{Fe2O3}(s)+\ce{3H2}(g)\rightleftharpoons\ce{2Fe}(s)+\ce{3H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\mathrm{98.7\:kJ}\]
    2. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if more Fe is added?
    3. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if H2O is removed?
    4. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if H2 is added?
    5. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if the pressure on the system is increased by reducing the volume of the reaction vessel?
    6. What will happen to the concentration of each reactant and product at equilibrium if the temperature of the system is increased?

    Q13.3.14

    Ammonia is a weak base that reacts with water according to this equation:

    \[\ce{NH3}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightleftharpoons\ce{NH4+}(aq)+\ce{OH-}(aq)\]

    Will any of the following increase the percent of ammonia that is converted to the ammonium ion in water and why?

    1. Addition of NaOH
    2. Addition of HCl
    3. Addition of NH4Cl

    S13.3.14

    Only (b)

    Q13.3.15

    Acetic acid is a weak acid that reacts with water according to this equation:

    \[\ce{CH3CO2H}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(aq)\rightleftharpoons\ce{H3O+}(aq)+\ce{CH3CO2-}(aq)\]

    Will any of the following increase the percent of acetic acid that reacts and produces \(\ce{CH3CO2-}\) ion?

    1. Addition of HCl
    2. Addition of NaOH
    3. Addition of NaCH3CO2

    Q13.3.16

    Suggest two ways in which the equilibrium concentration of Ag+ can be reduced in a solution of Na+, Cl, Ag+, and \(\ce{NO3-}\), in contact with solid AgCl.

    \(\ce{Na+}(aq)+\ce{Cl-}(aq)+\ce{Ag+}(aq)+\ce{NO3-}(aq)\rightleftharpoons\ce{AgCl}(s)+\ce{Na+}(aq)+\ce{NO3-}(aq)\)

    \(ΔH=\mathrm{−65.9\:kJ}\)

    S13.3.16

    Add NaCl or some other salt that produces Cl− to the solution. Cooling the solution forces the equilibrium to the right, precipitating more AgCl(s).

    Q13.3.17

    How can the pressure of water vapor be increased in the following equilibrium?

    \[\ce{H2O}(l)\rightleftharpoons\ce{H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} ΔH=\ce{41\:kJ}\]

    Q13.3.18

    Additional solid silver sulfate, a slightly soluble solid, is added to a solution of silver ion and sulfate ion at equilibrium with solid silver sulfate.

    \[\ce{2Ag+}(aq)+\ce{SO4^2-}(aq)\rightleftharpoons\ce{Ag2SO4}(s)\]

    Which of the following will occur?

    1. Ag+ or \(\ce{SO4^2-}\) concentrations will not change.
    2. The added silver sulfate will dissolve.
    3. Additional silver sulfate will form and precipitate from solution as Ag+ ions and \(\ce{SO4^2-}\) ions combine.
    4. The Ag+ ion concentration will increase and the \(\ce{SO4^2-}\) ion concentration will decrease.

    S13.3.18

    (a)

    Q13.3.19

    The amino acid alanine has two isomers, α-alanine and β-alanine. When equal masses of these two compounds are dissolved in equal amounts of a solvent, the solution of α-alanine freezes at the lowest temperature. Which form, α-alanine or β-alanine, has the larger equilibrium constant for ionization \(\ce{(HX \rightleftharpoons H+ + X- )}\)?

    13.4: Equilibrium Calculations Exercises

    Q13.4.1

    A reaction is represented by this equation: \(\ce{A}(aq)+\ce{2B}(aq)⇌\ce{2C}(aq) \hspace{20px} K_c=1×10^3\)

    1. Write the mathematical expression for the equilibrium constant.
    2. Using concentrations ≤1 M, make up two sets of concentrations that describe a mixture of A, B, and C at equilibrium.

    S13.4.1

    \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{[C]^2}{[A][B]^2}}\). [A] = 0.1 M, [B] = 0.1 M, [C] = 1 M; and [A] = 0.01, [B] = 0.250, [C] = 0.791.

    Q13.4.2

    A reaction is represented by this equation: \(\ce{2W}(aq)⇌\ce{X}(aq)+\ce{2Y}(aq) \hspace{20px} K_c=5×10^{−4}\)

    1. Write the mathematical expression for the equilibrium constant.
    2. Using concentrations of ≤1 M, make up two sets of concentrations that describe a mixture of W, X, and Y at equilibrium.

    Q13.4.3

    What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 500 °C for the formation of NH3 according to the following equation?

    \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⇌\ce{2NH3}(g)\]

    An equilibrium mixture of NH3(g), H2(g), and N2(g) at 500 °C was found to contain 1.35 M H2, 1.15 M N2, and 4.12 × 10−1 M NH3.

    S13.4.3

    Kc = 6.00 × 10−2

    Q13.4.4

    Hydrogen is prepared commercially by the reaction of methane and water vapor at elevated temperatures.

    \[\ce{CH4}(g)+\ce{H2O}(g)⇌\ce{3H2}(g)+\ce{CO}(g)\]

    What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction if a mixture at equilibrium contains gases with the following concentrations: CH4, 0.126 M; H2O, 0.242 M; CO, 0.126 M; H2 1.15 M, at a temperature of 760 °C?

    A 0.72-mol sample of PCl5 is put into a 1.00-L vessel and heated. At equilibrium, the vessel contains 0.40 mol of PCl3(g) and 0.40 mol of Cl2(g). Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the decomposition of PCl5 to PCl3 and Cl2 at this temperature.

    S13.4.4

    Kc = 0.50

    Q13.4.5

    At 1 atm and 25 °C, NO2 with an initial concentration of 1.00 M is 3.3 × 10−3% decomposed into NO and O2. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction.

    \[\ce{2NO2}(g)⇌\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\]

    Q13.4.6

    Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant KP for the reaction \(\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g)⇌\ce{2NOCl}(g)\) from these equilibrium pressures: NO, 0.050 atm; Cl2, 0.30 atm; NOCl, 1.2 atm.

    S13.4.6

    The equilibrium equation is KP = 1.9 × 103

    Q13.4.7

    When heated, iodine vapor dissociates according to this equation:

    \[\ce{I2}(g)⇌\ce{2I}(g)\]

    At 1274 K, a sample exhibits a partial pressure of I2 of 0.1122 atm and a partial pressure due to I atoms of 0.1378 atm. Determine the value of the equilibrium constant, KP, for the decomposition at 1274 K.

    Q13.4.8

    A sample of ammonium chloride was heated in a closed container.

    \[\ce{NH4Cl}(s)⇌\ce{NH3}(g)+\ce{HCl}(g)\]

    At equilibrium, the pressure of NH3(g) was found to be 1.75 atm. What is the value of the equilibrium constant KP for the decomposition at this temperature?

    S13.4.8

    KP = 3.06

    Q13.4.9

    At a temperature of 60 °C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.196 atm. What is the value of the equilibrium constant KP for the transformation at 60 °C?

    \[\ce{H2O}(l)⇌\ce{H2O}(g)\]

    Q13.4.10

    Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following reactions.

    (a)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{2SO3}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{2SO2}(g)+\:&&\ce{O2}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&+x\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&0.125\:M
    \end{alignat}\)

    (b)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{4NH3}(g)+\:&&\ce{3O2}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{2N2}(g)+\:&&\ce{6H2O}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&3x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&0.24\:M &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (c) Change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{2CH4}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{C2H2}(g)+\:&&\ce{3H2}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\textrm{25 torr} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (d) Change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{CH4}(g)+\:&&\ce{H2O}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{CO}(g)+\:&&\ce{3H2}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\textrm{5 atm} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (e)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{NH4Cl}(s)⇌\:&&\ce{NH3}(g)+\:&&\ce{HCl}(g)\\
    & &&x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    & &&1.03×10^{−4}\:M &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (f) change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{Ni}(s)+\:&&\ce{4CO}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{Ni(CO)4}(g)\\
    & &&4x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    & &&\textrm{0.40 atm} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    S13.4.10

    1. −2x, 2x, −0.250 M, 0.250 M;
    2. 4x, −2x, −6x, 0.32 M, −0.16 M, −0.48 M;
    3. −2x, 3x, −50 torr, 75 torr;
    4. x, − x, −3x, 5 atm, −5 atm, −15 atm;
    5. x, 1.03 × 10−4 M; (f) x, 0.1 atm.

    Q13.4.11

    Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following reactions.

    (a)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{2H2}(g)+\:&&\ce{O2}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{2H2O}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&+2x\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&1.50\:M
    \end{alignat}\)

    (b)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{CS2}(g)+\:&&\ce{4H2}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{CH4}(g)+\:&&\ce{2H2S}(g)\\
    &x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    &0.020\:M &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (c) Change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{H2}(g)+\:&&\ce{Cl2}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{2HCl}(g)\\
    &x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    &\textrm{1.50 atm} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (d) Change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{2NH3}(g)+\:&&\ce{2O2}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{N2O}(g)+\:&&\ce{3H2O}(g)\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&x\\
    &\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\textrm{60.6 torr}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (e)

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{NH4HS}(s)⇌\:&&\ce{NH3}(g)+\:&&\ce{H2S}(g)\\
    & &&x &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}\\
    & &&9.8×10^{−6}\:M &&\underline{\hspace{40px}}
    \end{alignat}\)

    (f) Change in pressure:

    \(\begin{alignat}{3}
    &\ce{Fe}(s)+\:&&\ce{5CO}(g)⇌\:&&\ce{Fe(CO)4}(g)\\
    & &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&x\\
    & &&\underline{\hspace{40px}} &&\textrm{0.012 atm}
    \end{alignat}\)

    Q13.4.12

    Why are there no changes specified for Ni in Exercise, part (f)? What property of Ni does change?

    S13.4.12

    Activities of pure crystalline solids equal 1 and are constant; however, the mass of Ni does change.

    Q13.4.13

    Why are there no changes specified for NH4HS in Exercise, part (e)? What property of NH4HS does change?

    Q13.4.14

    Analysis of the gases in a sealed reaction vessel containing NH3, N2, and H2 at equilibrium at 400 °C established the concentration of N2 to be 1.2 M and the concentration of H2 to be 0.24 M.

    \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⇌\ce{2NH3}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{0.50 at 400 °C}\]

    Calculate the equilibrium molar concentration of NH3.

    S13.4.14

    [NH3] = 9.1 × 10−2 M

    Q13.4.16

    Calculate the number of moles of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 1.25 mol of I2 in a 5.00−L flask at 448 °C.

    \(\ce{H2 + I2 ⇌ 2HI} \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{50.2 at 448 °C}\)

    Q13.4.17

    What is the pressure of BrCl in an equilibrium mixture of Cl2, Br2, and BrCl if the pressure of Cl2 in the mixture is 0.115 atm and the pressure of Br2 in the mixture is 0.450 atm?

    \[\ce{Cl2}(g)+\ce{Br2}(g)⇌\ce{2BrCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=4.7×10^{−2}\]

    S13.4.17

    PBrCl = 4.9 × 10−2 atm

    Q13.4.18

    What is the pressure of CO2 in a mixture at equilibrium that contains 0.50 atm H2, 2.0 atm of H2O, and 1.0 atm of CO at 990 °C?

    \[\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{CO2}(g)⇌\ce{H2O}(g)+\ce{CO}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\textrm{1.6 at 990 °C}\]

    Q13.4.12

    Cobalt metal can be prepared by reducing cobalt(II) oxide with carbon monoxide.

    \(\ce{CoO}(s)+\ce{CO}(g)⇌\ce{Co}(s)+\ce{CO2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=4.90×10^2\textrm{ at 550 °C}\)

    What concentration of CO remains in an equilibrium mixture with [CO2] = 0.100 M?

    S13.4.12

    [CO] = 2.0 × 10−4 M

    Q13.4.13

    Carbon reacts with water vapor at elevated temperatures.

    \(\ce{C}(s)+\ce{H2O}(g)⇌\ce{CO}(g)+\ce{H2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{0.2 at 1000 °C}\)

    What is the concentration of CO in an equilibrium mixture with [H2O] = 0.500 M at 1000 °C?

    Q13.4.14

    Sodium sulfate 10−hydrate, \(\ce{Na2SO4 \cdot 10H2O}\), dehydrates according to the equation

    \[\ce{Na2SO4⋅10H2O}(s)⇌\ce{Na2SO4}(s)+\ce{10H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} \]

    with \(K_p=4.08×10^{−25}\) at 25°C. What is the pressure of water vapor at equilibrium with a mixture of \(\ce{Na2SO4·10H2O}\) and \(\ce{NaSO4}\)?

    S13.4.14

    \(P_{\ce{H2O}}=3.64×10^{−3}\:\ce{atm}\)

    Q13.4.15

    Calcium chloride 6−hydrate, CaCl2·6H2O, dehydrates according to the equation

    \(\ce{CaCl2⋅6H2O}(s)⇌\ce{CaCl2}(s)+\ce{6H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=5.09×10^{−44}\textrm{ at 25 °C}\)

    What is the pressure of water vapor at equilibrium with a mixture of CaCl2·6H2O and CaCl2?

    Q13.4.16

    A student solved the following problem and found the equilibrium concentrations to be [SO2] = 0.590 M, [O2] = 0.0450 M, and [SO3] = 0.260 M. How could this student check the work without reworking the problem? The problem was: For the following reaction at 600 °C:

    \(\ce{2SO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)⇌\ce{2SO3}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=4.32\)

    What are the equilibrium concentrations of all species in a mixture that was prepared with [SO3] = 0.500 M, [SO2] = 0 M, and [O2] = 0.350 M?

    S13.4.16

    Calculate Q based on the calculated concentrations and see if it is equal to Kc. Because Q does equal 4.32, the system must be at equilibrium.

    Q13.4.16

    A student solved the following problem and found [N2O4] = 0.16 M at equilibrium. How could this student recognize that the answer was wrong without reworking the problem? The problem was: What is the equilibrium concentration of N2O4 in a mixture formed from a sample of NO2 with a concentration of 0.10 M?

    \[\ce{2NO2}(g)⇌\ce{N2O4}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=160\]

    Assume that the change in concentration of N2O4 is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.

    (a) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of both species in 1.00 L of a solution prepared from 0.129 mol of N2O4 with chloroform as the solvent.

    \(\ce{N2O4}(g)⇌\ce{2NO2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=1.07×10^{−5}\) in chloroform

    (b) Show that the change is small enough to be neglected.

    S13.4.16

    (a)

    • [NO2] = 1.17 × 10−3 M
    • [N2O4] = 0.128 M

    (b) Percent error \(=\dfrac{5.87×10^{−4}}{0.129}×100\%=0.455\%\). The change in concentration of N2O4 is far less than the 5% maximum allowed.

    Q13.4.17

    Assume that the change in concentration of COCl2 is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.

    1. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of all species in an equilibrium mixture that results from the decomposition of COCl2 with an initial concentration of 0.3166 M. \[\ce{COCl2}(g)⇌\ce{CO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=2.2×10^{−10}\]
    2. Show that the change is small enough to be neglected.

    Q13.4.18

    Assume that the change in pressure of H2S is small enough to be neglected in the following problem.

    (a) Calculate the equilibrium pressures of all species in an equilibrium mixture that results from the decomposition of H2S with an initial pressure of 0.824 atm.

    \(\ce{2H2S}(g)⇌\ce{2H2}(g)+\ce{S2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=2.2×10^{−6}\)

    (b) Show that the change is small enough to be neglected.

    S13.4.18

    (a)

    • [H2S] = 0.810 atm
    • [H2] = 0.014 atm
    • S2] = 0.0072 atm

    (b) The 2x is dropped from the equilibrium calculation because 0.014 is negligible when subtracted from 0.824. The percent error associated with ignoring 2x is \(\dfrac{0.014}{0.824}×100\%=1.7\%\), which is less than allowed by the “5% test.” The error is, indeed, negligible.

    Q13.4.19

    What are all concentrations after a mixture that contains [H2O] = 1.00 M and [Cl2O] = 1.00 M comes to equilibrium at 25 °C?

    \[\ce{H2O}(g)+\ce{Cl2O}(g)⇌\ce{2HOCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=0.0900\]

    Q13.4.20

    What are the concentrations of PCl5, PCl3, and Cl2 in an equilibrium mixture produced by the decomposition of a sample of pure PCl5 with [PCl5] = 2.00 M?

    \[\ce{PCl5}(g)⇌\ce{PCl3}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=0.0211\]

    S13.4.20

    [PCl3] = 1.80 M; [PC3] = 0.195 M; [PCl3] = 0.195 M.

    Q13.4.21

    Calculate the pressures of all species at equilibrium in a mixture of NOCl, NO, and Cl2 produced when a sample of NOCl with a pressure of 10.0 atm comes to equilibrium according to this reaction:

    \[\ce{2NOCl}(g)⇌\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=4.0×10^{−4}\]

    Q13.4.22

    Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of NO, O2, and NO2 in a mixture at 250 °C that results from the reaction of 0.20 M NO and 0.10 M O2. (Hint: K is large; assume the reaction goes to completion then comes back to equilibrium.)

    \[\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)⇌\ce{2NO2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=2.3×10^5\textrm{ at 250 °C}\]

    S13.4.22

    • [NO2] = 0.19 M
    • [NO] = 0.0070 M
    • [O2] = 0.0035 M

    Q13.4.23

    Calculate the equilibrium concentrations that result when 0.25 M O2 and 1.0 M HCl react and come to equilibrium.

    \[\ce{4HCl}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)⇌\ce{2Cl2}(g)+\ce{2H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_c=3.1×10^{13}\]

    Q13.4.24

    One of the important reactions in the formation of smog is represented by the equation

    \[\ce{O3}(g)+\ce{NO}(g)⇌\ce{NO2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=6.0×10^{34}\]

    What is the pressure of O3 remaining after a mixture of O3 with a pressure of 1.2 × 10−8 atm and NO with a pressure of 1.2 × 10−8 atm comes to equilibrium? (Hint: KP is large; assume the reaction goes to completion then comes back to equilibrium.)

    S13.4.24

    \(P_{\ce{O3}}=4.9×10^{−26}\:\ce{atm}\)

    Q13.4.24

    Calculate the pressures of NO, Cl2, and NOCl in an equilibrium mixture produced by the reaction of a starting mixture with 4.0 atm NO and 2.0 atm Cl2. (Hint: KP is small; assume the reverse reaction goes to completion then comes back to equilibrium.)

    \(\ce{2NO}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g)⇌\ce{2NOCl}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=2.5×10^3\)

    Q13.4.25

    Calculate the number of grams of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 63.5 g of iodine at 448 °C.

    \(\ce{H2 + I2 ⇌ 2HI} \hspace{20px} K_c=\textrm{50.2 at 448 °C}\)

    S13.4.25

    507 g

    Q13.4.26

    Butane exists as two isomers, n−butane and isobutane.

    Three Lewis structures are shown. The first is labeled, “n dash Butane,” and has a C H subscript 3 single bonded to a C H subscript 2 group. This C H subscript 2 group is single bonded to another C H subscript 2 group which is single bonded to a C H subscript 3 group. The second is labeled, “iso dash Butane,” and is composed of a C H group single bonded to three C H subscript 3 groups. The third structure shows a chain of atoms: “C H subscript 3, C H subscript 2, C H subscript 2, C H subscript 3,” a double-headed arrow, then a carbon atom single bonded to three C H subscript 3 groups as well as a hydrogen atom.

    KP = 2.5 at 25 °C

    What is the pressure of isobutane in a container of the two isomers at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.22 atm?

    Q13.4.27

    What is the minimum mass of CaCO3 required to establish equilibrium at a certain temperature in a 6.50-L container if the equilibrium constant (Kc) is 0.050 for the decomposition reaction of CaCO3 at that temperature?

    \(\ce{CaCO3}(s)⇌\ce{CaO}(s)+\ce{CO2}(g)\)

    S13.4.27

    330 g

    Q13.4.28

    The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 1.60 at 990 °C:

    \[\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{CO2}(g)⇌\ce{H2O}(g)+\ce{CO}(g)\]

    Calculate the number of moles of each component in the final equilibrium mixture obtained from adding 1.00 mol of H2, 2.00 mol of CO2, 0.750 mol of H2O, and 1.00 mol of CO to a 5.00-L container at 990 °C.

    Q13.4.29

    At 25 °C and at 1 atm, the partial pressures in an equilibrium mixture of N2O4 and NO2 are \(P_{\ce{N2O4}}=0.70\:\ce{atm}\) and \(P_{\ce{NO2}}=0.30\:\ce{atm}\).

    1. Predict how the pressures of NO2 and N2O4 will change if the total pressure increases to 9.0 atm. Will they increase, decrease, or remain the same?
    2. Calculate the partial pressures of NO2 and N2O4 when they are at equilibrium at 9.0 atm and 25 °C.

    S13.4.29

    (a) Both gases must increase in pressure.

    (b) \(P_{\ce{N2O4}}=\textrm{8.0 atm and }P_{\ce{NO2}}=1.0\:\ce{atm}\)

    Q13.4.30

    In a 3.0-L vessel, the following equilibrium partial pressures are measured: N2, 190 torr; H2, 317 torr; NH3, 1.00 × 103 torr.

    \[\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{3H2}(g)⇌\ce{2NH3}(g)\]

    1. How will the partial pressures of H2, N2, and NH3 change if H2 is removed from the system? Will they increase, decrease, or remain the same?
    2. Hydrogen is removed from the vessel until the partial pressure of nitrogen, at equilibrium, is 250 torr. Calculate the partial pressures of the other substances under the new conditions.

    Q13.4.31

    The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 5.0 at a given temperature.

    \[\ce{CO}(g)+\ce{H2O}(g) <=> \ce{CO2}(g)+\ce{H2}(g)\)]

    1. On analysis, an equilibrium mixture of the substances present at the given temperature was found to contain 0.20 mol of CO, 0.30 mol of water vapor, and 0.90 mol of H2 in a liter. How many moles of CO2 were there in the equilibrium mixture?
    2. Maintaining the same temperature, additional H2 was added to the system, and some water vapor was removed by drying. A new equilibrium mixture was thereby established containing 0.40 mol of CO, 0.30 mol of water vapor, and 1.2 mol of H2 in a liter. How many moles of CO2 were in the new equilibrium mixture? Compare this with the quantity in part (a), and discuss whether the second value is reasonable. Explain how it is possible for the water vapor concentration to be the same in the two equilibrium solutions even though some vapor was removed before the second equilibrium was established.

    S13.4.31

    (a) 0.33 mol.

    (b) [CO]2 = 0.50 M Added H2 forms some water to compensate for the removal of water vapor and as a result of a shift to the left after H2 is added.

    Q13.4.32a

    Antimony pentachloride decomposes according to this equation:

    \(\ce{SbCl5}(g)⇌\ce{SbCl3}(g)+\ce{Cl2}(g)\)

    An equilibrium mixture in a 5.00-L flask at 448 °C contains 3.85 g of SbCl5, 9.14 g of SbCl3, and 2.84 g of Cl2. How many grams of each will be found if the mixture is transferred into a 2.00-L flask at the same temperature?

    Q13.4.32b

    Consider the reaction between H2 and O2 at 1000 K

    \[\ce{2H2}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)⇌\ce{2H2O}(g) \hspace{20px} K_P=\dfrac{(P_{\ce{H2O}})^2}{(P_{\ce{O2}})(P_{\ce{H2}})^3}=1.33×10^{20}\]

    If 0.500 atm of H2 and 0.500 atm of O2 are allowed to come to equilibrium at this temperature, what are the partial pressures of the components?

    S13.4.32b

    \(P_{\ce{H2}}=8.64×10^{−11}\:\ce{atm}\)

    \(P_{\ce{O2}}=0.250\:\ce{atm}\)

    \(P_{\ce{H2O}}=0.500\:\ce{atm}\)

    Q13.4.33

    An equilibrium is established according to the following equation

    \[\ce{Hg2^2+}(aq)+\ce{NO3−}(aq)+\ce{3H+}(aq)⇌\ce{2Hg^2+}(aq)+\ce{HNO2}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(l) \hspace{20px} K_c=4.6\]

    What will happen in a solution that is 0.20 M each in \(\ce{Hg2^2+}\), \(\ce{NO3−}\), H+, Hg2+, and HNO2?

    1. \(\ce{Hg2^2+}\) will be oxidized and \(\ce{NO3−}\) reduced.
    2. \(\ce{Hg2^2+}\) will be reduced and \(\ce{NO3−}\) oxidized.
    3. Hg2+ will be oxidized and HNO2 reduced.
    4. Hg2+ will be reduced and HNO2 oxidized.
    5. There will be no change because all reactants and products have an activity of 1.

    Q13.4.34

    Consider the equilibrium

    \[\ce{4NO2}(g)+\ce{6H2O}(g)⇌\ce{4NH3}(g)+\ce{7O2}(g)\]

    1. What is the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) of the reaction?
    2. How must the concentration of NH3 change to reach equilibrium if the reaction quotient is less than the equilibrium constant?
    3. If the reaction were at equilibrium, how would a decrease in pressure (from an increase in the volume of the reaction vessel) affect the pressure of NO2?
    4. If the change in the pressure of NO2 is 28 torr as a mixture of the four gases reaches equilibrium, how much will the pressure of O2 change?

    S13.4.34

    (a) \(K_c=\ce{\dfrac{[NH3]^4[O2]^7}{[NO2]^4[H2O]^6}}\). (b) [NH3] must increase for Qc to reach Kc. (c) That decrease in pressure would decrease [NO2]. (d) \(P_{\ce{O2}}=49\:\ce{torr}\)

    Q13.4.35

    The binding of oxygen by hemoglobin (Hb), giving oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), is partially regulated by the concentration of H3O+ and dissolved CO2 in the blood. Although the equilibrium is complicated, it can be summarized as

    \(\ce{HbO2}(aq)+\ce{H3O+}(aq)+\ce{CO2}(g)⇌\ce{CO2−Hb−H+}+\ce{O2}(g)+\ce{H2O}(l)\)

    1. (a) Write the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction.
    2. (b) Explain why the production of lactic acid and CO2 in a muscle during exertion stimulates release of O2 from the oxyhemoglobin in the blood passing through the muscle.

    Q13.4.36

    The hydrolysis of the sugar sucrose to the sugars glucose and fructose follows a first-order rate equation for the disappearance of sucrose.

    \(\ce{C12H22O11}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(l)⟶\ce{C6H12O6}(aq)+\ce{C6H12O6}(aq)\)

    Rate = k[C12H22O11]

    In neutral solution, k = 2.1 × 10−11/s at 27 °C. (As indicated by the rate constant, this is a very slow reaction. In the human body, the rate of this reaction is sped up by a type of catalyst called an enzyme.) (Note: That is not a mistake in the equation—the products of the reaction, glucose and fructose, have the same molecular formulas, C6H12O6, but differ in the arrangement of the atoms in their molecules). The equilibrium constant for the reaction is 1.36 × 105 at 27 °C. What are the concentrations of glucose, fructose, and sucrose after a 0.150 M aqueous solution of sucrose has reached equilibrium? Remember that the activity of a solvent (the effective concentration) is 1.

    S13.4.36

    [fructose] = 0.15 M

    Q13.4.37

    The density of trifluoroacetic acid vapor was determined at 118.1 °C and 468.5 torr, and found to be 2.784 g/L. Calculate Kc for the association of the acid.

    Two Lewis structures are shown in a reaction. The first structure, which is condensed, reads, “2 C F subscript 3 C O subscript 2 H ( g ),” and is followed by a double-headed arrow. The second structure shows a partially condensed hexagonal ring shape. From the left side, in a clockwise manner, it reads “C F subscript 3 C, single bond, O, single bond, H, dotted line bond, O, double bond, C F subscript 3 C ( g ), single bond, O, single bond, H, dotted line bond, O, double bond back to the starting compound.”

    Liquid N2O3 is dark blue at low temperatures, but the color fades and becomes greenish at higher temperatures as the compound decomposes to NO and NO2. At 25 °C, a value of KP = 1.91 has been established for this decomposition. If 0.236 moles of N2O3 are placed in a 1.52-L vessel at 25 °C, calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of N2O3(g), NO2(g), and NO(g).

    S13.4.37

    \(P_{\ce{N2O3}}=\textrm{1.90 atm and }P_{\ce{NO}}=P_{\ce{NO2}}=\textrm{1.90 atm}\)

    Q13.4.38

    A 1.00-L vessel at 400 °C contains the following equilibrium concentrations: N2, 1.00 M; H2, 0.50 M; and NH3, 0.25 M. How many moles of hydrogen must be removed from the vessel to increase the concentration of nitrogen to 1.1 M?

    Q13.4.39

    A 0.010 M solution of the weak acid HA has an osmotic pressure (see chapter on solutions and colloids) of 0.293 atm at 25 °C. A 0.010 M solution of the weak acid HB has an osmotic pressure of 0.345 atm under the same conditions.

    (a) Which acid has the larger equilibrium constant for ionization

    HA \([\ce{HA}(aq)⇌\ce{A-}(aq)+\ce{H+}(aq)]\) or HB \([\ce{HB}(aq)⇌\ce{H+}(aq)+\ce{B-}(aq)]\)?

    (b) What are the equilibrium constants for the ionization of these acids?

    (Hint: Remember that each solution contains three dissolved species: the weak acid (HA or HB), the conjugate base (A or B), and the hydrogen ion (H+). Remember that osmotic pressure (like all colligative properties) is related to the total number of solute particles. Specifically for osmotic pressure, those concentrations are described by molarities.)

    S13.4.39

    (a) HB ionizes to a greater degree and has the larger Kc.

    (b) Kc(HA) = 5 × 10−4

    Kc(HB) = 3 × 10−3


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