3.4: Procedure

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Deboleena Roy (American River College)
American River College

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A. Bond Polarity

Bond Polarity can be determined by looking up the electronegativity values for both atoms in the electronegativity table. In the column for bond polarity, label the bonds with δ- on the more electronegative atom and δ+ on the less electronegative atom. Label only polar bonds with δ+ / δ-.

B. Molecular Formula

This formula lists the number of each type of atoms that is present in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula of CH₃CH₂CH₃ is C₃H₈.

C. Polarity

Look at the molecule and evaluate the polar bonds. If the molecule contains polar bonds then the result is a polar molecule. If the molecule does not have polar bonds, the molecule is nonpolar.

Note: If the effect of the polar bonds within a molecule cancel each other around the central atom such as in CO₂,the result is a nonpolar molecule. If they do not cancel one another and result in a polar molecule (dipole).

D. Condensed Formula

Redraw the molecule in its condensed formula in column 4. This formula shows the attachment of atoms without showing all the bonds. A carbon atom with three covalent bonds to hydrogen is drawn as CH₃ and a carbon atom with two covalent bonds to hydrogen is drawn as CH₂.

E. Functional Group (Family)

A functional group is a group of atoms that gives the molecule a particular set of properties. The family that an organic compound belongs to is determined by the functional group. Identify the functional group or family present in the molecule.

Your choices are alkene, alkyne, aromatic, ester, amide, carboxylic acid, alcohol, phenol, thiol, sulfide, disulfide, aldehyde or ketone. Note: Alkanes are hydrocarbons with single bonds and does not contain a functional group.

F. Intermolecular Forces

Identify the strongest IMF possible to other molecules like itself.

Your choices are: H-bonding, Dipole-Dipole interactions, and London forces.

G. Interaction with water

Water (HOH) is a polar molecule. Any molecule that is polar or has polar parts due to the presence of covalent bonds to the elements oxygen or nitrogen will be able to interact with water through H-bond.

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