4.4: Conformations of Cycloalkanes
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Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to
- describe, and sketch the conformation of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclopentane.
- describe the bonding in cyclopropane, and use this to account for the high reactivity of this compound.
- analyze the stability of cyclobutane, cyclopentane and their substituted derivatives in terms of angular strain, torsional strain and steric interactions.
Study Notes
Notice that in both cyclobutane and cyclopentane, torsional strain is reduced at the cost of increasing angular (angle) strain.
Although the customary line drawings of simple cycloalkanes are geometrical polygons, the actual shape of these compounds in most cases is very different.
| cyclopropane | cyclobutane | cyclopentane | cyclohexane | cycloheptane | cyclooctane |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyclopropane is necessarily planar (flat), with the carbon atoms at the corners of an equilateral triangle. The 60º bond angles are much smaller than the optimum 109.5º angles of a normal tetrahedral carbon atom, and the resulting angle strain dramatically influences the chemical behavior of this cycloalkane. Cyclopropane also suffers substantial eclipsing strain, since all the carbon-carbon bonds are fully eclipsed. Cyclobutane reduces some bond-eclipsing strain by folding (the out-of-plane dihedral angle is about 25º), but the total eclipsing and angle strain remains high. Cyclopentane has very little angle strain (the angles of a pentagon are 108º), but its eclipsing strain would be large (about 40 kJ/mol) if it remained planar. Consequently, the five-membered ring adopts non-planar puckered conformations whenever possible.
Rings larger than cyclopentane would have angle strain if they were planar. However, this strain, together with the eclipsing strain inherent in a planar structure, can be relieved by puckering the ring. Cyclohexane is a good example of a carbocyclic system that virtually eliminates eclipsing and angle strain by adopting non-planar conformations. Cycloheptane and cyclooctane have greater strain than cyclohexane, in large part due to transannular crowding (steric hindrance by groups on opposite sides of the ring).
Cyclic systems are a little different from open-chain systems. In an open chain, any bond can be rotated 360º, going through many different conformations. That complete rotation isn't possible in a cyclic system, because the parts that would be trying to twist away from each other would still be connected together. Thus cyclic systems have fewer "degrees of freedom" than aliphatic systems; they have "restricted rotation".
Because of the restricted rotation of cyclic systems, most of them have much more well-defined shapes than their aliphatic counterparts. Let's take a look at the basic shapes of some common rings. Many biologically important compounds are built around structures containing rings, so it's important that we become familiar with them. In nature, three- to six-membered rings are frequently encountered, so we'll focus on those.
Cyclopropane
A three membered ring has no rotational freedom whatsoever. A plane is defined by three points, so the three carbon atoms in cyclopropane are all constrained to lie in the same plane. This lack of flexibility does not allow cyclopropane to form more stable conformers which are non-planar.
The main source of ring strain in cyclopropane is angle strain. All of the carbon atoms in cyclopropane are tetrahedral and would prefer to have a bond angle of 109.5 o The angles in an equilateral triangle are actually 60 o , about half as large as the optimum angle. The large deviation from the optimal bond angle means that the C-C sigma bonds forming the cyclopropane ring are bent. Maximum bonding occurs when the overlapping orbitals are pointing directly toward each other. The severely strained bond angles in cyclopropane means that the orbitals forming the C-C bonds overlap at a slight angle making them weaker. This strain is partially overcome by using so-called “banana bonds”, where the overlap between orbitals is no longer directly in a line between the two nuclei, as shown here in three representations of the bonding in cyclopropane:
The constrained nature of cyclopropane causes neighboring C-H bonds to all be held in eclipsed conformations. Cyclopropane is always at maximum torsional strain. This strain can be illustrated in a Newman projections of cyclopropane as shown from the side.
Newman Projection of cyclopropane
Cyclopropane isn't large enough to introduce any steric strain. Steric strain does not become a factor until we reach six membered rings. Before that point, rings are not flexible enough to allow for two ring substituents to interact with each other.
The combination of torsional and angle strain creates a large amount of ring strain in cyclopropane which weakens the C-C ring bonds (255 kJ/mol) when compared to C-C bonds in open-chain propane (370 kJ/mol).
Cyclobutane
Cyclobutane is a four membered ring. The larger number of ring hydrogens would cause a substantial amount of torsional strain if cyclobutane were planar.
In three dimensions, cyclobutane is flexible enough to buckle into a "puckered" shape which causes the C-H ring hydrogens to slightly deviate away from being completely eclipsed. This conformation relives some of the torsional strain but increases the angle strain because the ring bond angles decreases to 88 o .
In a line drawing, this butterfly shape is usually shown from the side, with the near edges drawn using darker lines.
The deviation of cyclobutane's ring C-H bonds away from being fully eclipsed can clearly be seen when viewing a Newman projections signed down one of the C-C bond.
Newman projection of cyclobutane
- With bond angles of 88 o rather than 109.5 o degrees, cyclobutane has significant amounts of angle strain, but less than in cyclopropane.
- Although torsional strain is still present, the neighboring C-H bonds are not exactly eclipsed in the cyclobutane's puckered conformation.
- Steric strain is very low. Cyclobutane is still not large enough that substituents can reach around to cause crowding.
- Overall the ring strain in cyclobutane (110 kJ/mol) is slightly less than cyclopropane (115 kJ/mol).
Cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes are even more stable than cyclobutanes, and they are the second-most common cycloalkane ring in nature, after cyclohexanes. Planar cyclopentane has virtually no angle strain but an immense amount of torsional strain. To reduce torsional strain, cyclopentane addops a non-planar conformation even though it slightly increases angle strain.
The lowest energy conformation of cyclopentane is known as the ‘envelope’, with four of the ring atoms in the same plane and one out of plane (notice that this shape resembles an envelope with the flap open). The out-of-plane carbon is said to be in the endo position (‘ endo’ means ‘inside’). The envelope removes torsional strain along the sides and flap of the envelope. However, the neighboring carbons are eclipsed along the "bottom" of the envelope, away from the flap.
3D structure of cyclopentane (notice that the far top right carbon is the endo position).
At room temperature, cyclopentane undergoes a rapid bond rotation process in which each of the five carbons takes turns being in the endo position.
Cyclopentane distorts only very slightly into an "envelope" shape in which one corner of the pentagon is lifted up above the plane of the other four. The envelope removes torsional strain along the sides and flap of the envelope by allowing the bonds to be in an almost completely staggered position. However, the neighboring bonds are eclipsed along the "bottom" of the envelope, away from the flap. Viewing a Newman projections of cyclopentane signed down one of the C-C bond show the staggered C-H bonds.
Newman projection of cyclopentane
- The angle strain in the envelope conformation of cyclopentane is low. The ideal angle in a regular pentagon is about 107 o , very close to the preferred 109.5 o tetrahedral bond angle.
- There is some torsional strain in cyclopentane. The envelope conformation reduces torsional strain by placing some bonds in nearly staggered positions. However, other bonds are still almost fully eclipsed.
- Cyclopentane is not large enough to allow for steric strain to be created.
- Overall, cyclopentane has very little ring strain (26 kJ/mol) when compared to cyclopropane and cyclobutane.
C 3 -C 5 Cycloalkanes in Nature
If one of the carbon-carbon bonds is broken in cyclopropane or cyclobutane, the ring will ‘spring’ open, releasing energy as the bonds reassume their preferred tetrahedral geometry. The effectiveness of two antibiotic drugs, fosfomycin and penicillin, is due in large part to the high reactivity of the three- and four-membered rings in their structures.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
If cyclobutane were to be planar, how many H-H eclipsing interactions would there be? Assuming 4 kJ/mol per H-H eclipsing interaction what would the strain be on this “planar” molecule?
- Answer
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There are eight eclipsing interactions (two per C-C bond). The extra strain on this molecule would be 32 kJ/mol (4 kJ/mol x 8).
Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
In the two conformations of trans -1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane one is more stable than the other. Explain why this is.
- Answer
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The first conformation is more stable. Even though the methyl groups are trans in both models, they are anti to one another in the first structure (which is lower energy) while they are gauche in the second structure increasing strain within the molecule.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
In methylcyclopentane, which carbon would most likely be in the endo position?
- Answer
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The ring carbon attached to the methyl group would most likely be the endo carbon. The large methyl group would create the most torsional strain if eclipsed. Being in the endo position would place the bonds is a more staggered position which would reduce strain.
Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)
If cyclobutane were to be planar how many H-H eclipsing interactions would there be, and assuming 4 kJ/mol per H-H eclipsing interaction what is the strain on this “planar” molecule?
- Answer
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There are eight eclipsing interactions (two per C-C bond). The extra strain on this molecule would be 32 kJ/mol (4 kJ/mol x 8).
Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)
In the two conformations of trans -cyclopentane one is more stable than the other. Explain why this is.
- Answer
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The first conformation is more stable. Even though the methyl groups are trans in both models, in the second structure they are eclipsing one another, therefore increasing the strain within the molecule compared to the first structure where the larger methyl groups are anti to one another.