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General properties of time correlation functions

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    5288

    • Define a time correlation function between two quantities \(A (x) \) and \(B (x) \) by

    \(C_{AB} (t) \) $\textstyle =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ \(\langle A(0)B(t)\rangle \)
    $\textstyle =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ data-cke-saved-style =$ \( \underline {\int d{\rm x}f({\rm x})A({\rm x})e^{iLt}B({\rm x})} \)


    The following properties follow immediately from the above definition:

    1.

    \[\langle A(0)B(t)\rangle = \langle A(-t)B(0)\rangle \]
    2.

    \[C_{AB}(0) = \langle A({\rm x})B({\rm x})\rangle\]

    Thus, if \(A = B \), then
    \[C_{AA}(t) = \langle A(0)A(t)\rangle \]

    known as the autocorrelation function of \(A\), and
    \[C_{AA}(0) = \langle A^2\rangle\]

    If we define \(\delta A = A - \langle A \rangle \), then
    \[C_{\delta A\delta A}(0) = \langle (\delta A)^2\rangle =\langle ( A - \langle A \rangle )^2 \rangle = \langle A^2\rangle - \langle A\rangle^2 \]

    which just measures the fluctuations in the quantity \(A\).
    3.
    A time correlation function may be evaluated as a time average, assuming the system is ergodic. In this case, the phase space average may be equated to a time average, and we have
    \[C_{AB}(t) = \lim_{T\rightarrow\infty}{1 \over T-t}\int_0^{T-t}ds A({\rm x}(s))B({\rm x}(t+s)) \]

    which is valid for \( t<<T \). In molecular dynamics simulations, where the phase space trajectory is determined at discrete time steps, the integral is expressed as a sum
    \[ C_{AB}(k\Delta t) = {1 \over N-k}\sum_{j=1}^{N-k}A({\rm x}_k)B({\rm x}_{k+j})\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;k=0,1,2,...,N_c \]

    where \(N\) is the total number of time steps, \(\Delta t \) is the time step and \(N_c << N \).
    4.
    Onsager regression hypothesis: In the long time limit, \(A \) and \(B\) eventually become uncorrelated from each other so that the time correlation function becomes
    \[ C_{AB}(t) = \langle A(0)B(t)\rangle \rightarrow \langle A\rangle\langle B\rangle \]

    For the autocorrelation function of \(A\), this becomes
    \[ C_{AA}(t)\rightarrow \langle A\rangle^2 \]

    Thus, \(C_{AA} (t) \) decays from \(\langle A^2 \rangle \) at \( t = 0\) to \( \langle A^2 \rangle \) as \(t \rightarrow \infty \).

    An example of a signal and its time correlation function appears in the figure below. In this case, the signal is the magnitude of the velocity along the bond of a diatomic molecule interacting with a Lennard-Jones bath. Its time correlation function is shown beneath the signal:

    Figure 1:
    \begin{figure}\begin{center} \leavevmode \epsfbox{lec21_fig1.ps} {\small} \end{center}\end{figure}

    Over time, it can be seen that the property being autocorrelated eventually becomes uncorrelated with itself.