7.S: Mixtures and Solutions (Summary)
- Page ID
- 84527
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
Learning Objectives
After mastering the material in this chapter, one will be able to
- Describe the thermodynamics of mixing and calculate \(\Delta H\), \(\Delta S\), and \(\Delta G\) or mixing for an ideal solution.
- Define chemical potential, and calculate its value as a function of pressure and composition.
- Derive expressions for the colligative properties and perform calculations using the relationships.
- Estimate the maximum solubility of a solute in a solvent based on the concept equality of chemical potential at saturation.
- Define fugacity and activity.
- Calculate the mean activity coefficients of ions in solution based on the ionic strength of the solution.
Vocabulary and Concepts
- activity
- activity coefficient
- chemical potential
- cryoscopic constant
- ebullioscopic constant
- enthalpy of mixing
- fugacity
- fugacity coefficient
- Gibbs-Duhem equation
- ideal mixture
- ionic strength
- mean activity coefficient
- osmosis
- osmotic pressure
- Raoult’s Law
- solute
- solution
- solvent
- the partial molar Gibbs function
References
- Debye, P., & Hückel, E. (1923). Zur Theorie der Electrolyte. Physikalische Zeitschrift, 24, 185-206.
- Schubert, F. E. (1983). Depression of Freezing Point and Elevation of Boiling Point. Journal of Chemical Education, 60(1), 88. doi:10.1021/ed060p87.2