23.S: Carbonyl Condensation Reactions (Summary)

Concepts & Vocabulary

23.0 Chapter Objectives 

• Design multi‑step syntheses in which the reactions introduced in this unit are used in conjunction with any of the reactions described in previous units.
• Solve road‑map problems that require a knowledge of carbonyl condensation reactions.
• Define, and use in context, any of the key terms introduced.

23.1 Carbonyl Condensations - The Aldol Reaction

• A carbon-carbon bond forming reaction at the alpha carbon through an enolate nucleophile. 
• The Aldol Reaction proceeds by first making an enolate nucelophile on an aldehyde (or ketone).
• The enolate nucleophile then dimerizes by attacking the carbonyl of the same aldehyde (or ketone). 
• The final product is a beta-hydroxy aldehyde (or ketone).

23.2 Carbonyl Condensations versus Alpha Substitutions

• Carbonyl condensation reactions are a type of alpha substitution reaction. 
• Both involve an enolate nucleophile and end with an alpha substitution product. 
• In carbonyl condensations, the electrophile is another carbonyl compound. 
• Carbonyl condensations are reversible and use a catalytic amount of base. 
• The electrophile is already present in the reaction as the enolate is formed in carbonyl condensations. 
• Alpha substitution reactions are more directional by design, since a full equivalent of base is used to generate the enolate. 
• The electrophile is introduced after the enolate is generated. 

23.3 Dehydration of Aldol Products - Synthesis of Enones

• The aldol reaction can undergo a dehydration (loss of water) to yield an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone. 
• The additional stability provided by the conjugated carbonyl system makes some of the products thermodynamically driven. 
• The of small products, such as water in this case, are termed condensations, so this reaction is aldol condesation.
• Heat promotes the condensation reactions.  
• Under basic conditions, the β-elimination occurs through an E1cb mechanism. 
• Under acidic conditions, the β-elimination occurs through an E1 or E2 mechanism.

23.4 Using Aldol Reactions in Synthesis

• If the target contains a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound or an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, then synthetically think aldol reaction or condensation. 
• To reverse the aldol condensation, break the enone at the double bond. 
• To reverse the aldol reaction, break the C-C bond between the alpha carbon and the carbon attached to the hydroxy group. 

23.5 Mixed Aldol Reactions

• Aldol condensations between different reactants are called mixed or crossed Claisen reactions. 
• Multiple products are possible, so the success of the mixed aldol reactions depends on two things:
  • The electrophile (or acceptor) is an aldehyde. 
  • The aldehyde acceptor has no alpha protons. 
• Mixed aldols in which both reactants can serve as donors and acceptors generally give complex mixtures of both dimeric (homo) aldols and crossed aldols.
• The aldol condensation of ketones with aryl aldehydes to form α,β-unsaturated derivatives is called the Claisen-Schmidt reaction.

23.6 Intramolecular Aldol Reactions

• Molecules which contain two carbonyl functionalities have the possibility of forming a ring through an intramolecular aldol reaction. 
• In these intramolecular reactions, two sets of α-hydrogens need to be considered and most ring forming reaction five and six membered rings are preferred.

23.7 The Claisen Condensation Reaction

• Esters can contain α hydrogens, so can undergo a condensation reaction similar to the aldol reaction called a Claisen Condensation.
• One ester reacts as a nucleophile while the other reacts as an electrophile. 
• A new C-C bond is formed in the reaction to form a β-keto ester product. 
• An alkoxide that matches the ester group is used to help prevent side reactions in the Claisen Condensation. 
• There is a thermodynamic driving step forming an enolate, which is followed by a protonation to obtain the neutral product. 

23.8 Mixed Claisen Condensation Reactions

• Claisen condensations between different ester reactants are called Crossed Claisen reactions.
• Crossed Claisen reactions in which both reactants can serve as donors and acceptors generally give complex mixtures.
• Because of this most Crossed Claisen reactions are usually not performed unless one reactant has no alpha hydrogens.

23.9 Intramolecular Claisen Condensation Reactions - The Dieckmann Cyclization

• A diester can undergo an intramolecular reaction called a Dieckmann condensation.

23.10 Conjugate Carbonyl Additions - The Michael Reaction

• In 1,4 additions the nucleophile is added to the carbon β to the carbonyl while the hydrogen is added to the carbon α to the carbonyl.
• Enolates undergo 1,4 addition to α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (product of the Aldol condensation) is a process called a Michael addition.
• A new C-C bond is formed between an enolate and the 4-C of the α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. 
• The product is a 1,5-dicarbonyl species. 

23.11 Carbonyl Condensations with Enamines - The Stork Reaction

• Aldehydes and ketones react with 2^o amines to reversibly form enamines.
• Enamines act as nucleophiles similar to enolates. 
• This process requires a three steps:
  • Formation of the enamine
  • Reaction with an eletrophile to form an iminium salt
  • Hydrolysis of the iminium salt to reform the aldehyde or ketone
• Advantages of using an enamine over an enolate
  • Neutral
  • Easier to prepare
  • Prevent overreaction issue that occurs when using enolates. 
• Enamines undergo an S_N2 reaction with alkyl halides to yield the iminium salt. 
• Enamines can react with acid halides to form β-dicarbonyls. 
• Enamines can also be used as a nucleophile in a Michael reaction. 

23.12 The Robinson Annulation Reaction

• Forms a cyclic product from acyclic starting materials by first creating a new C-C bond followed by ring formation. 
• The Robinson Annulation reaction starts with a Michael reaction followed by an intramolecular Aldol condensation. 
• The formation of 5 or 6 membered rings is preferred. 

23.13 Some Biological Carbonyl Condensation Reactions

• Aldol reactions occur in several biological pathways.
• Enzymes that catalyze aldol reactions are called, not surprisingly, 'aldolases'.
• The first step in an aldolase reaction is the deprotonation of an alpha-carbon to generate a nucleophilic carbanion.
• Nature has evolved several distinct strategies to stabilize the intermediate that results.
  • Some aldolases use a metal ion to stabilize the negative charge on an enolate intermediate.
  • Others catalyze reactions that proceed through neutral Schiff base or enol intermediates.

Skills to Master

• Skill 23.1 Identify the product of an aldol reaction. 
• Skill 23.2 Write the detailed mechanism for the aldol reaction. 
• Skill 23.3 Describe the difference between a carbonyl condensation reaction and an alpha-substitution reaction. 
• Skill 23.4 Know what an enone is. 
• Skill 23.5 Write a detailed mechanism for the aldol condensation under basic conditions. 
• Skill 23.6 Write a detailed mechanism for the aldol condensation under acidic conditions. 
• Skill 23.7 Determine the products of an aldol condensation reaction. 
• Skill 23.8 Provide the reactants for a target aldol condensation product. 
• Skill 23.9 Write an equation to illustrate a mixed aldol reaction.
• Skill 23.10 Identify the structural features necessary to ensure that two carbonyl compounds will react together in a mixed aldol reaction to give a single product rather than a mixture of products.
• Skill 23.11 Determine whether a given mixed aldol reaction is likely to produce a single product or a mixture of products.
• Skill 23.12 Identify the carbonyl compounds needed to produce a given enone or β‑hydroxy aldehyde or ketone by a mixed aldol reaction.
• Skill 23.13 Write a detailed mechanism for the intramolecular aldol condensation. 
• Skill 23.14 Write an equation to illustrate a Claisen condensation reaction.
• Skill 23.15 Write a detailed mechanism for a Claisen condensation reaction or its reverse.
• Skill 23.16 Identify the ester and other reagents needed to form a given β‑keto ester by a Claisen condensation reaction.
• Skill 23.17 Write an equation to illustrate a mixed Claisen condensation.
• Skill 23.18 Identify the structural features that should be present in the two esters if a mixed Claisen condensation is to be successful.
• Skill 23.19 Identify the product formed when a given pair of esters is used in a mixed Claisen condensation.
• Skill 23.20 Identify the esters that should be used to produce a given β‑keto ester by a mixed Claisen condensation.
• Skill 23.21 Write detailed mechanisms for mixed Claisen condensation. 
• Skill 23.22 Write a detailed mechanism for an intramolecular Claisen condensation.
• Skill 23.23 Write a detailed mechanism for a given typical Michael reaction.
• Skill 23.24 Identify the product formed in a given Michael reaction.
• Skill 23.25 Identify the reagents necessary to synthesize a given compound by a Michael reaction.
• Skill 23.26 Write a detailed mechanism for each of the three steps of the Stork enamine reaction.
• Skill 23.27 Identify the reagents needed to synthesize a given compound by a Stork enamine reaction.
• Skill 23.28 Write a detailed mechanism for the Robinson Annulation reaction. 
• Skill 23.29 Identify the product from an enone and an dicarbonyl under basic conditions. 
• Skill 23.30 Identify the steps in which a carbonyl condensation reaction has occurred, given a general outline of a specific biosynthesis.

Summary of Reactions

Stork Enamine Reactions