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5.3B: Fractionating Columns

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    95719
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    The choice of what fractionating column to use for which application depends in part on availability and the task at hand. Several columns are shown in Figure 5.39: a) Vigreux column with glass indentations, b) Steel wool column made simply be loosely inserting steel wool into the cavity of a fractionating column (similar to a West condenser, but wider), c) Glass beads filled in the cavity of a fractionating column.

    Figure 5.39: Different fractionating columns: a) Vigreux, b) Steel wool, c) Glass beads.

    These columns have different surface areas and numbers of theoretical plates, and thus differ in their ability to separate close-boiling components. They also differ somewhat in the quantity of compound that will be sequestered through wetting the column. A Vigreux column has the least surface area, making it the least capable of separating close-boiling components. And yet with the lowest surface area, it can have the highest recovery, making it the optimal choice if a separation is not particularly difficult. Glass beads have a high surface area, so are a good choice for separation of close-boiling components. And yet, beads will suffer the greatest loss of material. Steel wool columns have intermediate surface areas and their effectiveness can depend on how tightly the wool is packed in the column. Steel wool columns also cannot be used with corrosive vapors like those containing acid.

    To demonstrate the effectiveness of different fractionating columns, a mixture containing \(75 \: \text{mol}\%\) ethylbenzene (normal b.p. \(136^\text{o} \text{C}\)) and \(25 \: \text{mol}\%\) p-cymene (normal b.p. \(177^\text{o} \text{C}\)) was distilled using several methods. The first two \(\text{mL}\) of distillate was collected in each process (Figure 5.40).

     Left: Simple distillation apparatus with G C spectrum. Right: Glass bead fractional distillation apparatus with G C spectrum. In both spectra, E B shows a peak at 4.197 and P C shows a peak at 5.640. In the simple setup, the G C shows P C as a much larger peak (32.387% of total) than in the fractional distillate spectrum (where P C is 12.269% of total).
    Figure 5.40: Simple and fractional distillation of a \(75 \: \text{mol}\%\) ethylbenzene/\(25 \: \text{mol}\%\) p-cymene mixture, with GC analysis. In each GC spectrum, ethylbenzene is the peak at \(4.192 \: \text{min}\) and p-cymene is the peak at \(5.640 \: \text{min}\).

    Gas chromatograph analysis of the initial mixture and distillates allowed for quantitation of the mixtures, although a calibration curve was necessary to translate the reported percentages into meaningful values. As the two components had only a \(41^\text{o} \text{C}\) difference in boiling points, a fractional distillation was more effective than a simple distillation, although in some cases only slightly (see Table 5.7). The distillate was never \(> 98\%\) pure with any method as there was a large quantity of the minor component in the distilling pot.

    Table 5.7: GC results for various distillations of a \(75 \: \text{mol}\%\) ethylbenzene (EB) and \(25 \: \text{mol}\%\) p-cymene (PC) mixture. The actual percentage values were estimated from the calibration curve in Figure 5.11.
    Method Components GC% Actual %
    Initial Solution ethylbenzene 55.6% 75%
      p-cymene 44.4% 25%
    Simple Distillation ethylbenzene 67.6% 90%
      p-cymene 32.4% 10%
    Fractional (Beads) ethylbenzene 87.7% 97%
      p-cymene 12.3% 3%
    Fractional (Steel Wool) ethylbenzene 71.4% 92%
      p-cymene 28.6% 8%
    Fractional (Vigreux) ethylbenzene 70.4% 92%
      p-cymene 29.6% 8%

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    This page titled 5.3B: Fractionating Columns is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Nichols via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.