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2.10: Separating Mixtures

  • Page ID
    52538
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    Panning for gold
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) (Credit: Marcin Chady; Source: Flicker photo, Marcin Chady(opens in new window) [www.flickr.com]; License: CC  by 2.0(opens in new window))

    How did gold miners search for gold?

     

    Beginning in the late 1840s, thousands of prospectors rushed to California in search of gold. One of the approaches taken to isolate the gold from the soil was called "panning". Dirt would be placed in the pan and covered with water. After thorough mixing, the pan is gently swirled to remove dissolved material while the heavier gold settles to the bottom of the pan. The gold is then separated from the mixture of soil and water.

    Separation of Mixtures

    Not everyone is out searching for gold (and not many of those searchers is going to get much gold, either). In a chemical reaction, it is important to isolate the component(s) of interest from all the other materials so they can be further characterized. Studies of biochemical systems, environmental analysis, pharmaceutical research – these and many other areas of research require reliable separation methods.

    Here are a number of common separation techniques:

    Chromatography

    Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension, or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography), through a medium in which the components move at different rates. Thin-layer chromatography is a special type of chromatography used for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be colored, especially pigments.

    Distillation

    Distillation is an effective method to separate mixtures that are comprised of two or more pure liquids. Distillation is a purification process where the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated. In simple distillation, a mixture is heated, and the most volatile component vaporizes at the lowest temperature. The vapor passes through a cooled tube (a condenser), where it condenses back into its liquid state. The condensate that is collected is called distillate.

    CK12 Screenshot 2-8-1.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Distillation apparatus. (Credit: Pearson Scott Foresman; Source: Commons Wikimedia, Distillation Apparatus(opens in new window) [commons.wikimedia.org]; License: Public Domain)

    In the figure above, we see several important pieces of equipment. There is a heat source, a test tube with a one-hole stopper attached to a glass elbow, and rubber tubing. The rubber tubing is placed into a collection tube, which is submerged in cold water. There are other more complicated assemblies for distillation that can also be used, especially to separate mixtures which are comprised of pure liquids, with boiling points that are close to one another.

    Evaporation

    Evaporation is a technique used to separate out homogeneous mixtures that contain one or more dissolved salts. The method drives off the liquid components from the solid components. The process typically involves heating the mixture until no more liquid remains. Prior to using this method, the mixture should only contain one liquid component, unless it is not important to isolate the liquid components. This is because all liquid components will evaporate over time. The evaporation method is suitable to separate a soluble solid from a liquid.

    In many parts of the world, table salt is obtained from the evaporation of sea water. The heat for the process comes from the sun.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Once the sea water in these evaporation ponds has evaporated, the salt can be harvested. (Credit: Sandip Dey (Wikimedia: Dey.sandip); Source: Commons Wikimedia, Salt pans in Marakkanam, India(opens in new window) [commons.wikimedia.org]; License: CC by 3.0(opens in new window))

    Filtration

    Filtration is a separation method used to separate out pure substances in mixtures comprised of particles—some of which are large enough in size to be captured with a porous material. Particle size can vary considerably, given the type of mixture. For instance, stream water is a mixture that contains naturally occurring biological organisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Some water filters can filter out bacteria, the length of which are on the order of 1 micron. Other mixtures, like soil, have relatively large particle sizes, which can be filtered through something like a coffee filter.

    CK12 Screenshot 2-8-3.png
    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Filtration. (Credit: Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (Wikimedia: LadyofHats); Source: Commons Wikimedia, Filtration Diagram(opens in new window) [commons.wikimedia.org]; License: Public Domain)

    Summary

    • Mixtures can be separated using a variety of techniques.
    • Chromatography involves solvent separation on a solid medium.
    • Distillation takes advantage of differences in boiling points.
    • Evaporation removes a liquid from a solution to leave a solid material.
    • Filtration separates solids of different sizes.

    Review

    1. Why is it important to separate materials from a mixture?
    2. What is chromatography?
    3. What is distillation
    4. What is filtration?
    5. What is evaporation?
    6. What technique would you use to separate sand from water? There are two possibilities.
    7. What technique would you use to separate alcohol from water?

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