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5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds

  • Page ID
    47479
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    Learning Objectives
    • Classify substances as atomic elements, molecular elements, molecular compounds, or ionic compounds.

    Atomic Elements

    Most elements exist with individual atoms as their basic unit. It is assumed that there is only one atom in a formula if there is no numerical subscript on the right side of an element’s symbol.

    Molecular Elements

    There are many substances that exist as two or more atoms connected together so strongly that they behave as a single particle. These multi-atom combinations are called molecules. A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that has the physical and chemical properties of that substance. In some respects, a molecule is similar to an atom. A molecule, however, is composed of more than one atom.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Elements That Exist as Diatomic Molecules
    Hydrogen, H Oxygen Nitrogen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

    Some elements exist naturally as molecules. For example, hydrogen and oxygen exist as two-atom molecules. Other elements also exist naturally as diatomic molecules—a molecule with only two atoms (Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)). As with any molecule, these elements are labeled with a molecular formula, a formal listing of what and how many atoms are in a molecule. (Sometimes only the word formula is used, and its meaning is inferred from the context.) For example, the molecular formula for elemental hydrogen is H2, with H being the symbol for hydrogen and the subscript 2 implying that there are two atoms of this element in the molecule. Other diatomic elements have similar formulas: O2, N2, and so forth. Other elements exist as molecules—for example, sulfur normally exists as an eight-atom molecule, S8, while phosphorus exists as a four-atom molecule, P4 (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).

    fac00a98cce192f9de352eba3772bd51.jpg
    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Molecular Art of S8 and P4 Molecules. If each green ball represents a sulfur atom, then the diagram on the left represents an S8 molecule. The molecule on the right shows that one form of elemental phosphorus exists, as a four-atom molecule.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) shows two examples of how molecules will be represented in this text. An atom is represented by a small ball or sphere, which generally indicates where the nucleus is in the molecule. A cylindrical line connecting the balls represents the connection between the atoms that make this collection of atoms a molecule. This connection is called a chemical bond.

    Ionic Compounds

    The elements in the periodic table are divided into specific groupings; the metals, the non-metals, the semi-metals, and so on. These groupings are largely based on physical properties and on the tendency of the various elements to bond with other elements by forming either an ionic or a covalent bond. As a general rule of thumb, compounds that involve a metal binding with either a non-metal or a semi-metal will display ionic bonding. Thus, the compound formed from sodium and chlorine will be ionic (a metal and a non-metal). The basic unit of ionic compounds is the formula unit.

    Molecular Compounds

    Compounds that are composed of only non-metals or semi-metals with non-metals will display covalent bonding and will be classified as molecular compounds. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) will be a covalently bound molecule (two non-metals) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) will also be a covalently bound molecule (a semi-metal and a non-metal). The basic unit of molecular compounds is the molecule.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Provide the classification (i.e. atomic element, molecular element, molecular compound, or ionic compound) of each substance.

    1. Fe
    2. PCl3
    3. LiBr
    4. P4
    5. oxygen gas
    Solution
    1. Fe (iron) is an element that is represented with no subscript, so it is an atomic element.
    2. PCl3 is made up of two nonmetals, so it is a molecular compound.
    3. LiBr is made up of lithium, a metal, and bromine, a nonmetal, so it is an ionic compound.
    4. P4 is a substance that is made up of four atoms of the same element, so it is a molecular element.
    5. The formula for oxygen gas is O2 so it is a molecular element.
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Provide the classification (i.e. atomic element, molecular element, molecular compound, or ionic compound) of each substance.

    1. I2
    2. He
    3. H2O
    4. Al
    5. CuCl
    Answer a:
    molecular element
    Answer b:
    atomic element
    Answer c:
    molecular compound
    Answer d:
    atomic element
    Answer e:
    ionic compound

    5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds is shared under a CK-12 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Marisa Alviar-Agnew & Henry Agnew.

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