6.3: Brønsted-Lowry Concept
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- 272344
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- 6.3.4: Brønsted-Lowry Superacids and the Hammett Acidity Function
- Superacids are able to dissociate completely because when they do so they give an extremely stable anion in which the residual negative charge is distributed among multiple electronegative atoms.
- 6.3.6: Thermodynamics of Gas Phase Brønsted Acidity and Basicity
- In defining acidity in terms of hydrogen ion donation and acceptance the Brønsted-Lowry acid base concept allows for the understanding of acidity and basicity in a variety of liquid, solid, and gaseous media. The latter are particularly important for understanding the thermodynamics of hydrogen ion donation and acceptance since the energies of gas phase species are unaffected by solvation. These reactions are perhaps best thought of in terms of the association of a hydrogen ion and a base, B.
- 6.3.8: High Charge-to-Size Ratio Metal Ions Act as Brønsted Acids in Water
- Aqueous solutions of simple salts of metal ions can also be acidic, even though a metal ion cannot donate a proton directly to water to produce hydronium ions. Instead, a metal ion can act as a Lewis acid and interact with water, a Lewis base, by coordinating to a lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom to form a hydrated metal ion.
- 6.3.9: The Solvent System Acid Base Concept
- Like the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base concept, the solvent system acid base concept is way to generalize the Arhennius acid-base concept.
- 6.3.10: Acid-Base Chemistry in Amphoteric Solvents and the Solvent Leveling Effect
- The Brønsted-Lowry concept allows for an understanding of hydrogen ion transfer chemistry in amphoteric protic solvents. Amphoteric protic solvents are those which can both accept and receive hydrogen ions. From the viewpoint of the Brønsted-Lowry concept the acid-base chemistry in these solvents is governed by autoionization equilibria analogous to water autoionization.
- 6.3.11: Non-nucleophilic Brønsted-Lowry Superbases
- A variety of strong organic and inorganic bases are available for use in organic synthesis (alkyllithium reagents, diisopropyl amide derivatives, hydrides, and hydroxides). Some of these exhibit poor functional group tolerance owing to their ability to react with electrophilic functional groups. Hence there is considerable interest in the development of bases that can remove hydrogen ions from very weakly acidic organic substrates (i.e. like C-H bonds) without reacting with electrophilic functio